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Herbivore and predator pressure in tidepools along an intertidal gradient: no consumption refuge for invasive species!

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Abstract

Non-indigenous species (NIS) can invade marine ecosystems worldwide not only because of higher growth rates and reproductive potential but also due to their ability to escape from native consumers either by defensive traits or by the colonization of spatial refuges. Spatial consumption refuges can be present in tidepools, especially in those from the high shore, with harsh environmental conditions. In order to test this hypothesis, we quantified consumer pressure on NIS in tidepools with different tidal elevations. We deployed tethering assays within 73 tidepools at 30° S (Chile) in 2021 using the following four bait types: two NIS (the green seaweed Codium fragile and the tunicate Ciona robusta) and two reference baits (blades of the kelp Lessonia and dried squid). The two reference baits as well as the two NIS were consumed across all tidepools. Thus, there was no tidal gradient in NIS consumption: higher tidepools did not offer a spatial refuge as native consumers can reach them and consume NIS. Possibly, on wave-exposed coasts, high shore tidepools are frequently splashed, mitigating harsh conditions, and, therefore, reducing the potential for spatial refuges from consumption. While both NIS were eaten by native consumers in tidepools, they are nevertheless successful invaders. Therefore, our results suggest that NIS can compensate for consumer losses in tidepools, which allows them to colonize tidepool systems even if these do not offer spatial refuges from consumption. Tidepools might represent a first invasion window for NIS to enter natural communities, potentially causing important effects on biodiversity of rocky intertidal habitats.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all members of the BEDIM laboratory at UCN for their support during this study. The constructive comments from three anonymous reviewers helped substantially to improve the original version of this manuscript, for which we are grateful.

Funding

Financial support was provided by the ANID-FONDECYT 1190954 to MT and MA, and by the Anid-Fondecyt Postdoctorado 3201074 to SR.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigaciones Costeras (CIC-UDA), Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile

    Eva Rothäusler

  2. Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile

    Moisés A. Aguilera

  3. Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile

    Rene Matías Arias, David Jofré-Madariaga, Oscar Pino, Sabine Rech & Martin Thiel

  4. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas Mención Sistemas Marinos Costeros, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile

    David Jofré-Madariaga

  5. Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile

    Sabine Rech & Martin Thiel

  6. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Avenida Ossandón 877, Coquimbo, Chile

    Martin Thiel

Authors
  1. Eva Rothäusler
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  2. Moisés A. Aguilera
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  3. Rene Matías Arias
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  4. David Jofré-Madariaga
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  5. Oscar Pino
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  6. Sabine Rech
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  7. Martin Thiel
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Contributions

MT conceived the idea; MT designed the experiment; MT, RMA, DJM, OP and SR performed the experiment; MAA analyzed the data; ER and MT led the writing of the manuscript. MAA contributed critically to the drafts and all authors gave final approval for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Thiel.

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The authors declare to have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The algae and tunicates were collected under the permit CEC UCN 10–2019 by the Scientific Ethics Committee of Universidad Católica del Norte.

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Responsible Editor: R.N. Cuthbert.

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Rothäusler, E., Aguilera, M.A., Arias, R.M. et al. Herbivore and predator pressure in tidepools along an intertidal gradient: no consumption refuge for invasive species!. Mar Biol 169, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04114-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04114-y

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