Abstract
Litter soil cover constitutes an important micro-ecosystem in sustainable viticulture having a key role in nutrient cycling and serving as a habitat of complex microbial communities. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are known to regulate nitrification in soil while little is known regarding their function and diversity in litter. We investigated the effects of two fungicides, penconazole and cyprodinil, commonly used in vineyards, on the function and diversity of total and active AOB and AOA in a microcosm study. Functional changes measured via potential nitrification and structural changes assessed via denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) at the DNA and RNA levels were contrasted with pesticide dissipation in the litter layer. The latter was inversely correlated with potential nitrification, which was temporarily inhibited at the initial sampling dates (0 to 21 days) when nearly 100 % of the applied pesticide amounts was still present in the litter. Fungicides induced changes in AOB and AOA communities with RNA-DGGE analysis showing a higher sensitivity. AOA were more responsive to pesticide application compared to AOB. Potential nitrification was less sensitive to the fungicides and was restored faster than structural changes, which persisted. These results support the theory of microbial redundancy for nitrification in a stressed litter environment.
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Acknowledgments
This study was carried out within the SNAC project sponsored by Cariplo Foundation, Italy. All authors contributed equally to the paper. This study was also supported by the Doctoral School on the Agro-Food System (Agrisystem) of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Italy) and the Postgraduate Program “Biotechnology—Quality Assessment in Nutrition and the Environment”, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly (Konstantinos Demiris).
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Supplementary data 1
A schematic representation of the microcosms used is shown (DOC 26 kb) (DOC 26 kb)
Supplementary data 2
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the DNA-based DGGE banding patterns for the communities of AOB (a, b) and AOA (c, d) according to pesticide (a, c) or the sampling time (b, d). Pesticides: penconazole (PEN), cyprodinil (CYP), untreated (CON). Sampling time: 0, 56 and 100 days. Ellipses indicate group-wise standard errors, while the probability values above each diagram refer to significance of group-wise (pesticide treatment or time main effects) differences according to the performed permutation test (DOC 221 kb) (DOC 221 kb)
Supplementary data 3
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the RNA-based DGGE banding patterns for the communities of AOB (a, b) and AOA (c, d) according to pesticide (a, c) or the sampling time (b, d). Pesticides: penconazole (PEN), cyprodinil (CYP), untreated (CON). Sampling time: 0, 7, 21, 56 and 100 days. Ellipses indicate group-wise standard errors, while the probability values above each diagram refer to significance of group-wise (pesticide treatment or time main effects) differences according to the performed permutation test (DOC 235 kb) (DOC 235 kb)
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Puglisi, E., Vasileiadis, S., Demiris, K. et al. Impact of Fungicides on the Diversity and Function of Non-target Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms Residing in a Litter Soil Cover. Microb Ecol 64, 692–701 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0064-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0064-4