Abstract
Neuromelanin is a complex molecule accumulating in the catecholaminergic neurons that undergo a degenerative process in Parkinson’s disease. It has been shown to play either a protective or a toxic role depending on whether it is present in the intraneuronal or extraneuronal milieu. Understanding its structure and synthesis mechanisms is mandatory to clarify the reason for this remarkable dual behavior. In the present study, X-ray absorption spectroscopy is employed to investigate the sulfur binding mode in natural human neuromelanin, synthetic neuromelanins, and in certain structurally known model compounds, namely cysteine and decarboxytrichochrome C. Based on comparative fits of human and synthetic neuromelanin spectra in terms of those of model compounds, the occurrence of both cysteine- and trichochrome-like sulfur coordination modes is recognized, and the relative abundance of these two types of structural arrangement is determined. Data on the amount of cysteine- and trichochrome-like sulfur measured in this way indicate that among the synthetic neuromelanins those produced by enzymatic oxidation are the most similar ones to natural neuromelanin. The interest of the method described here lies in the fact that it allows the identification of different sulfur coordination environments in a physically nondestructive way.
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Notes
As discussed in Stellato et al. (2006), the two spectra are different because different sample preparations lead to different structural atomic arrangements around the Zn binding site.
In fact, at an incoming photon energy of 10.7 keV, the number of counts per data point in a single fluorescence detector element, integrated from 0 keV to infinity, was found to be T 1 = 183,156 for Zn1 and T 2 = 171,191 for Zn2. Correspondingly the Zn K-fluorescence is K 1 = 16,935 for Zn1 and K 2 = 8,130 for Zn2. With these numbers one gets R 1 = T 1 /K 1 = 10.82, R 2 = T 2 /K 2 = 21.056 and finally R 2 /R 1 = 2.1 ± 0.2, in very good agreement with Eq. 2.
The possibility of attributing edge energy differences to different S oxidation states looks implausible. Indeed, systematic studies (Prietzel et al. 2003; George and Gorbaty 1989) on S compounds have shown that samples where S is present in different oxidation states may have the same edge energy, and conversely different geometries with S in the same oxidation state lead to appreciable differences (even on the order of a few eVs) in the edge energy position.
The interpretation of Eq. 7 is the following. If the spectrum of compound j is fitted in terms of the spectra of compounds m and n, then the resulting value of p [j,mn] should be the same as the one we would obtain multiplying the percentages characterizing the fit of sample j in terms of the compounds k and l, by the values one gets by fitting the spectra of the latter in terms of the spectra of the original compounds m and n. For completeness we notice the formal properties of the p [j,mn] coefficients, p [j,mn] = 1−p [j,nm], p [j,jm] = 1, p [j,jm] = 0.
Abbreviations
- DAC:
-
Auto-oxidation of dopamine and cysteine
- DEC:
-
Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine and cysteine
- DOPEC:
-
l-DOPA and cysteine enzymatic oxidation
- EDTA:
-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EXAFS:
-
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
- NM:
-
Neuromelanin
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- TEY:
-
Total electron yield
- XAS:
-
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- XANES:
-
X-ray absorption near edge structure
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Acknowledgments
We thank G.C. Rossi for many useful discussions and a careful reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) under proposal DO4B-XAS1-1834. L.Z. was supported by MIUR-FIRB project RBNE03PX83 on “Protein folding and aggregation: metal and biomolecules in protein conformational diseases” and MIUR-PRIN project 2005035582 on “Chemical processes and structural modifications in neurodegeneration.” Partial support from MIUR-Italy under PRIN05 Contract is also acknowledged.
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Proceedings of the XIX Congress of the Italian Society of Pure and Applied Biophysics (SIBPA), Rome, September 2008.
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Crippa, P.R., Eisner, M., Morante, S. et al. An XAS study of the sulfur environment in human neuromelanin and its synthetic analogs. Eur Biophys J 39, 959–970 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-009-0462-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-009-0462-9