Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Statistical predicting and optimization of the tensile properties of natural fiber bio-composites

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the tensile strength of the polypropylene-based bio-composites reinforced with natural kenaf fibers, basalt fiber, and nanographenes. The response surface methodology was used to investigate the behavior of the bio-composites based on the weight percentage of basalt and kenaf fibers and nanographenes. The behavior of the samples was analyzed using the tensile test, and the results were interpreted using field emission scanning electron microscope images. The fracture surface of the samples indicated the fibers’ breakage and their separation as well as the pullout of the fibers from the substrate as the main mechanisms in improving the behavior of the bio-composite under study. Then, the multi-objective optimization was performed by increasing the tensile strength and elastic modulus and reducing the weight of the samples, and a Pareto diagram was drawn according to the design objectives. The results showed that the bio-composite sample in the optimal status with the maximum tensile strength of 30.9481 MPa and the lowest weight includes 15% kenaf fibers and 0.862% graphene nanoparticles. Moreover, the optimal sample of the bio-composite with the highest elastic modulus of 3.5126 GPa and the minimum weight of 1.626 g consists of 15% of kenaf fiber and 1.5% of graphene nanoparticles. Twenty-seven percent reduction in composite weight by optimizing the amount of reinforcements causes the weight of the final structure to be significantly reduced in the use of these composite plates in high volumes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the finding of this study are available based on the request from the corresponding author.

References

  1. AL-Oqla FM, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Nuraini AA (2015) A model for evaluating and determining the most appropriate polymer matrix type for natural fiber composites. Int J Polym Anal Charact 20(3):191–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2015.990184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. AL-Oqla FM, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M (2016) Integrated mechanical-economic–environmental quality of performance for natural fibers for polymeric-based composite materials. J Nat Fibers 13(6):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1102789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Oqla FM, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Nuraini AA (2016) A decision-making model for selecting the most appropriate natural fiber: polypropylene-based composites for automotive applications. J Compos Mater 50(4):543–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315577233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Al-Oqla FM, Salit MS, Ishak MR, Aziz NA (2014) Combined multi-criteria evaluation stage technique as an agro waste evaluation indicator for polymeric composites: date palm fibers as a case study. BioResources 9(3):4608–4621. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.3.4608-4621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Oqla FM, Salit MS (2017) Materials selection for natural fiber composites. Elsevier

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. AL-Oqla FM, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Nuraini AA (2015) Predicting the potential of agro waste fibers for sustainable automotive industry using a decision making model. Comput Electron Agric 113:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Khanjanzadeh H, Tabarsa T, Shakeri A (2012) Morphology, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene-wood flour composites with and without nanoclay. J Reinf Plast Compos 31(5):341–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684412438793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zahedi M, Khanjanzadeh H, Pirayesh H, Saadatnia MA (2015) Utilization of natural montmorillonite modified with dimethyl, dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium salt as reinforcement in almond shell flour-polypropylene bio-nanocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 71:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.11.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zahedi M, Pirayesh H, Khanjanzadeh H, Tabar MM (2013) Organo-modified montmorillonite reinforced walnut shell/polypropylene composites. Mater Des 51:803–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Khanjanzadeh H, Pirayesh H, Salari A (2013) Long term hygroscopic characteristics of polypropylene based hybrid composites with and without organo-modified clay. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 71(2):211–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0661-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Karnani R, Krishnan M, Narayan R (1997) Biofiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym Eng Sci 37(2):476–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sanjay MR, Madhu P, Jawaid M, Senthamaraikannan P, Senthil S, Pradeep S (2018) Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: a comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 172:566–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ahmad F, Choi HS, Park MK (2015) A review: natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromol Mater Eng 300(1):10–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pickering KL, Efendy MGA, Le TM (2016) A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 83:98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. AL-Oqla FM, Hayajneh MT (2022) Stress failure interface of cellulosic composite beam for more reliable industrial design. Int J Interact Des Manuf 16(4):1727–1738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-00884-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yusoff RB, Takagi H, Nakagaito AN (2016) Tensile and flexural properties of polylactic acid-based hybrid green composites reinforced by kenaf, bamboo and coir fibers. Ind Crops Prod 94:562–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Teng JG, Chen JF, Smith ST, Lam L (2003) Behaviour and strength of FRP-strengthened RC structures: a state-of-the-art review. ICE Proc Struct Build 156(3):334–335. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.156.3.334.37862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yaghoobi H, Fereidoon A (2018) An experimental investigation and optimization on the impact strength of kenaf fiber biocomposite: application of response surface methodology. Polym Bull 75(8):3283–3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2212-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yaghoobi H, Fereidoon A (2019) Thermal analysis, statistical predicting, and optimization of the flexural properties of natural fiber biocomposites using Box-Behnken experimental design. J Nat Fibers 16(7):987–1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1447416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. AL-Oqla FM (2022) Manufacturing and delamination factor optimization of cellulosic paper/epoxy composites towards proper design for sustainability. Int J Interact Des Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-022-00980-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. AL-Oqla FM, Hayajneh MT, Al-Shrida MM (2022) Mechanical performance, thermal stability and morphological analysis of date palm fiber reinforced polypropylene composites toward functional bio-products. Cellulose 29(6):3293–3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04498-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Singh JIP, Singh S, Dhawan V (2020) Influence of fiber volume fraction and curing temperature on mechanical properties of jute/PLA green composites. Polym Polym Compos 28(4):273–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119872875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Qi G, Zhang B, Yu Y (2016) Research on carbon fiber/epoxy interfacial bonding characterization of transverse fiber bundle composites fabricated by different preparation processes: effect of fiber volume fraction. Polym Test 52:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.03.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Khanjanzadeh H, Tabarsa T, Shakeri A, Omidvar A (2011) Effect of organoclay platelets on the mechanical properties of wood–plastic composites formulated with virgin and recycled polypropylene. Wood Mater Sci Eng 6(4):207–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2011.606915

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang Z, Luo Q, Li Q, Sun G (2022) Design optimization of bioinspired helicoidal CFRPP/GFRPP hybrid composites for multiple low-velocity impact loads. Int J Mech Sci 219:107064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hassan F, Zulkifli R, Ghazali MJ, Azhari CH (2017) Kenaf fiber composite in automotive industry: an overview. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol 7(1):315. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.1.1180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Colombo C, Vergani L, Burman M (2012) Static and fatigue characterisation of new basalt fibre reinforced composites. Compos Struct 94(3):1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Valentino P, Romano M, Ehrlich I, Furgiuele F, Gebbeken N (2013) “Mechanical characterization of basalt fibre reinforced plastic with different fabric reinforcements: tensile tests and FE-calculations with representative volume elements (RVEs). Frat ed Integrità Strutt. 8(28):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  29. Banibayat P, Patnaik A (2014) Variability of mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars manufactured by wet-layup method. Mater Des 56:898–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jacob GC, Starbuck JM, Fellers JF, Simunovic S, Boeman RG (2004) Strain rate effects on the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci 94(1):296–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Xiao X (2008) Dynamic tensile testing of plastic materials. Polym Test. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2007.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ou Y, Zhu D (2015) Tensile behavior of glass fiber reinforced composite at different strain rates and temperatures. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Al-Zubaidy H, Zhao XL, Al-Mahaidi R (2013) Mechanical characterisation of the dynamic tensile properties of CFRP sheet and adhesive at medium strain rates. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Naresh K, Shankar K, Rao BS, Velmurugan R (2016) Effect of high strain rate on glass/carbon/hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy laminated composites. Compos Part B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Barré S, Chotard T, Benzeggagh ML (1996) Comparative study of strain rate effects on mechanical properties of glass fibre-reinforced thermoset matrix composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-835X(96)00075-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Shishevan FA, Akbulut H, Mohtadi-Bonab MA (2017) Low velocity impact behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites. J Mater Eng Perform 26(6):2890–2900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2728-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ralegaonkar R, Gavali H, Aswath P, Abolmaali S (2018) Application of chopped basalt fibers in reinforced mortar: a review. Constr Build Mater 164:589–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Eslami-Farsani R, Reza Khalili SM, Hedayatnasab Z, Soleimani N (2014) “Influence of thermal conditions on the tensile properties of basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene–clay nanocomposites. Mater Des 53:540–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chen W et al (2017) Quasi-static and dynamic tensile properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer. Compos Part B Eng 125:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.069

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mittal V (ed) (2012) Polymer-graphene nanocomposites. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shokrieh MM, Joneidi VA (2014) Manufacturing and experimental characterization of graphene/polypropylene nanocomposites. Modares Mech Eng 13(11):55–63

    Google Scholar 

  42. Song P, Cao Z, Cai Y, Zhao L, Fang Z, Fu S (2011) Fabrication of exfoliated graphene-based polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Polymer 52(18):4001–4010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yuan B, Bao C, Song L, Hong N, Liew KM, Hu Y (2014) Preparation of functionalized graphene oxide/polypropylene nanocomposite with significantly improved thermal stability and studies on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties. Chem Eng J 237:411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. basaltex, “Basalt fiber composite fabric 9–17,” [Online]. Available: https://www.nauticexpo.com/prod/cbg-composites-gmbh/product-198399-564726.html

  45. Tharazi I et al (2017) Optimization of hot press parameters on tensile strength for unidirectional long kenaf fiber reinforced polylactic-acid composite. Procedia Eng 184:478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Islam MR, Beg MDH, Gupta A, Mina MF (2013) Optimal performances of ultrasound treated kenaf fiber reinforced recycled polypropylene composites as demonstrated by response surface method. J Appl Polym Sci 128(5):2847–2856. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Czigány T (2005) Basalt fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites. Mater Sci Forum 473–474:59–66. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.473-474.59

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velayat University, Iranshahr, P.O. Box 99111-31311, Iran

    Hossein Taghipoor

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

    Jaber Mirzaei

Authors
  1. Hossein Taghipoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jaber Mirzaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Taghipoor.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

For our article, entitled "Statistical predicting and optimization of the tensile properties of natural fiber bio-composites," which has been submitted to your journals for review, there is no conflict of interest.

Consent for publication

The authors give their full permission for the publication and reproduction of the manuscript.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Taghipoor, H., Mirzaei, J. Statistical predicting and optimization of the tensile properties of natural fiber bio-composites. Polym. Bull. 80, 13217–13241 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04713-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04713-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation