Abstract
The conventional breeding of fruits and fruit trees has led to the improvement of consumer-driven traits such as fruit size, yield, nutritional properties, aroma and taste, as well as the introduction of agronomic properties such as disease resistance. However, even with the assistance of modern molecular approaches such as marker-assisted selection, the improvement of fruit varieties by conventional breeding takes considerable time and effort. The advent of genetic engineering led to the rapid development of new varieties by allowing the direct introduction of genes into elite lines. In this review article, we discuss three such case studies: the Arctic® apple, the Pinkglow pineapple and the SunUp/Rainbow papaya. We consider these events in the light of global regulations for the commercialization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), focusing on the differences between product-related systems (the USA/Canada comparative safety assessment) and process-related systems (the EU “precautionary principle” model). More recently, genome editing has provided an efficient way to introduce precise mutations in plants, including fruits and fruit trees, replicating conventional breeding outcomes without the extensive backcrossing and selection typically necessary to introgress new traits. Some jurisdictions have reacted by amending the regulations governing GMOs to provide exemptions for crops that would be indistinguishable from conventional varieties based on product comparison. This has revealed the deficiencies of current process-related regulatory frameworks, particularly in the EU, which now stands against the rest of the world as a unique example of inflexible and dogmatic governance based on political expediency and activism rather than rigorous scientific evidence.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge funding from MINECO, Spain (PGC2018-097655-B-I00 to P Christou; AGL2017-85377-R to T. Capell), Generalitat de Catalunya Grant 2017 SGR 828 to the Agricultural Biotechnology and Bioeconomy Unit (ABBU). Work in the Dhingra lab in the area of crop improvement is supported in part by Washington State University Agriculture Research Center Hatch grant WNP00011. ES and FR acknowledge the support received from the Department of Horticulture, Washington State University. The authors would also like to thank Drs A. McHughen and H. Quemada for input and clarifications on US genome editing regulations. We would also like to thank an anonymous reviewer for his/her insightful comments.
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PC and AD conceived the original idea. DA and PC-B contributed substantially to the design of the review. DA, PC-B, ES, and FR drafted the manuscript and developed the figures; DA, PC-B, ES, FR, TC, AD, and PC edited and approved the version.
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Alvarez, D., Cerda-Bennasser, P., Stowe, E. et al. Fruit crops in the era of genome editing: closing the regulatory gap. Plant Cell Rep 40, 915–930 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02664-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02664-x