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Phylogeography of split kelp Hedophyllum nigripes: northern ice-age refugia and trans-Arctic dispersal

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Abstract

Pleistocene climate cycles greatly influenced the distributions of kelps in northern seas and gated trans-Arctic dispersals between the North (N) Pacific and N Atlantic oceans. Here, we used partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I-5′ (COI) and plastid ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit-3′ (rbcL) to resolve the phylogeography of the kelp Hedophyllum nigripes in the Gulf of Alaska and globally. In the Gulf of Alaska, genetic diversity was moderate (COI: h = 0.493 ± 0.076, n = 57; rbcL: h = 0.578 ± 0.00047, n = 54), but nucleotide diversity was small (COI: θπ = 0.00114 ± 0.00100, n = 57; rbcL: θπ = 0.0001 ± 0.00089, n = 54). Concatenated sequences showed strong haplotype-frequency differences among populations (ΦST = 0.728). The addition of previously published COI sequences from British Columbia showed a general absence of southern haplotypes in the Gulf of Alaska, supporting the conclusion of northern ice-age refugia. COI sequences in Canadian Arctic-Northwestern (NW) Atlantic populations differed by 1–2 mutation from Northeastern (NE) Pacific sequences, and unexpectedly, were marginally more closely related to populations in British Columbia than to geographically intermediate populations in the Gulf of Alaska. COI haplotypes from the Svalbard Archipelago in the NE Atlantic showed no variability and differed by 1–2 mutations from haplotypes in the NW Atlantic. Time-calibrated genetic divergences indicated trans-Arctic dispersal(s) from the N Pacific into the N Atlantic in the mid-Pleistocene.

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Acknowledgements

Heather Liller, Mandy Lindeberg, and Scott Walker helped to collect samples in Alaska. Among personnel at the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG), Judy Berger catalogued the samples and Eric Lardizabal maintain the database of sample information. Paul Kuriscak, Mariel Terry, Zach Pechacek, Nick Ellickson and Chase Jalbert extracted DNA from the samples and Wei Cheng supervised the sequencing. Geir Johnsen, Elen Belseth, Jørgen Berge, and Tove Gabrielsen helped to collect samples from the Svalbard Archipelago. Thanks to Sandra Lindstrom and Sam Starko for guidance. The NE Pacific portion of this project was funded by the North Pacific Research Board Project 1618, by the general fund of the ADFG to WSG, and by the University of Melbourne McKenzie Postdoctoral Fellowship to TTB. The Svalbard collections were partially funded by the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), and supplies and equipment for DNA extraction/sequencing of these samples were partially funded by California State University Council on Ocean Affairs, Science, and Technology and by a grant provided to Mark Moline, University of Delaware, Lewes.

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  1. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    W. Stewart Grant

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA

    Anniken Lydon

  3. School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia

    Trevor T. Bringloe

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Grant, W.S., Lydon, A. & Bringloe, T.T. Phylogeography of split kelp Hedophyllum nigripes: northern ice-age refugia and trans-Arctic dispersal. Polar Biol 43, 1829–1841 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02748-6

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