Abstract
Fire activity has varied globally and continuously since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in response to long-term changes in global climate and shorter-term regional changes in climate, vegetation, and human land use. We have synthesized sedimentary charcoal records of biomass burning since the LGM and present global maps showing changes in fire activity for time slices during the past 21,000 years (as differences in charcoal accumulation values compared to pre-industrial). There is strong broad-scale coherence in fire activity after the LGM, but spatial heterogeneity in the signals increases thereafter. In North America, Europe and southern South America, charcoal records indicate less-than-present fire activity during the deglacial period, from 21,000 to ∼11,000 cal yr BP. In contrast, the tropical latitudes of South America and Africa show greater-than-present fire activity from ∼19,000 to ∼17,000 cal yr BP and most sites from Indochina and Australia show greater-than-present fire activity from 16,000 to ∼13,000 cal yr BP. Many sites indicate greater-than-present or near-present activity during the Holocene with the exception of eastern North America and eastern Asia from 8,000 to ∼3,000 cal yr BP, Indonesia and Australia from 11,000 to 4,000 cal yr BP, and southern South America from 6,000 to 3,000 cal yr BP where fire activity was less than present. Regional coherence in the patterns of change in fire activity was evident throughout the post-glacial period. These complex patterns can largely be explained in terms of large-scale climate controls modulated by local changes in vegetation and fuel load.
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Acknowledgments
The data analyses on which this paper is based were made at a workshop of the Palaeofire Working Group of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP) Fast Track Initiative on Fire. We thank the IGBP and Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) for providing funding for this workshop. The construction of the charcoal database has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), QUEST funding to the QUEST-Deglaciation Project and by Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) funding under the Joint RAPID program to the ORMEN project. Most of the data (published and unpublished) included in the compilation has been provided by the co-authors or extracted from publications by those co-authors who are regional coordinators of the Palaeofire Working Group. We also thank the International Multiproxy Paleofire Database (IMPD) for data contributions. The version of the charcoal database (GCD, V1) used for this paper is available from British Atmospheric Data Center (BADC) (http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/home/index.html) and from the Global Palaeofire Working Group (GPWG) website (http://www.bridge.bris.ac.uk/projects/QUEST_IGBP_Global_Palaeofire_WG). Animations showing the change in charcoal abundance at 500-year time steps from the LGM to present are also available on the GPWG website.
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List of contributors
Power, M.J.1,*, Marlon, J.2, Ortiz, N.3, Bartlein, P.J.2, Harrison, S.P.3, Mayle, F.E.1, Ballouche, A.4, Bradshaw, R.H.W.5, Carcaillet, C.6, Cordova, C.7, Mooney, S.8, Moreno, P.I.9, Prentice, I.C.10, Thonicke, K.3, Tinner, W.11, Whitlock, C.12, Zhang, Y.13, Zhao, Y.3, Ali, A.A.14, Anderson, R.S.15, Beer, R.11, Behling, H.16, Briles, C.12, Brown, K.J.17, Brunelle A.18, Bush, M.19, Camill, P.20, Chu, G.Q.21, Clark, J.22, Colombaroli, D.11, Connor, S.23, Daniau, A.-L.24, Daniels, M.25, Dodson, J.26, Doughty, E.27, Edwards, M.E.28, Finsinger, W.11,29, Foster, D.27, Frechette J.30, Gaillard, M.-J.31, Gavin, D.G.2, Gobet, E.11, Haberle, S.32, Hallett, D.J.33, Higuera, P.12, Hope, G.32, Horn, S.34, Inoue, J.35, Kaltenrieder, P.11, Kennedy, L.36, Kong, Z.C.37, Larsen, C.38, Long, C.J.39, Lynch, J.40, Lynch, E.A.41, McGlone, M.42, Meeks, S.43, Mensing, S.44, Meyer, G.30, Minckley, T.45, Mohr, J.46, Nelson, D.M.47, New, J.30, Newnham, R.48, Noti, R.49, Oswald, W.50, Pierce, J.51, Richard, P.J.H.52, Rowe, C.3, Sanchez Goñi, M.F.53, Shuman, B.N.54, Takahara, H.55, Toney, J.56, Turney, C.57, Urrego-Sanchez, D.H.19, Umbanhowar, C.58, Vandergoes, M.59, Vanniere, B.60, Vescovi, E.11, Walsh, M.2, Wang, X.61, Williams, N.62, Wilmshurst, J.42, Zhang, J.H.63
1Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
2Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
3BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
4Laboratoire Paysages et Biodiversité, Université d’Angers, Angers Cedex 1, France
5Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
6Centre for Bio-Archaeology & Ecology (UMR5059 CNRS/UM2/EPHE), Montpellier, France
7Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
8School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
9Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
10QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
11Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH–3013 Bern, Switzerland
12Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
13Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
14Chaire industrielle CRSNG-UQAT-UQAM en aménagement forestier durable, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Noranda, QC, Canada
15Center for Environmental Science and Education, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
16Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
17Department of Quaternary Geology, Geological Survey Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
18Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
19Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
20Department of Biology, Carlton College, Northfield, MN, USA
21Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
22Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
23Social and Environmental Enquiry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
24Institut de Préhistoire et Géologie du Quaternaire, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence Cedex, France
25Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AR, USA
26Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
27Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, USA
28School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
29Palaeoecology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
30Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
31School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
32Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia
33Department of Geography and School of Environmental Studies, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
34Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
35Department of Biology and Geoscience, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
36Department of Geography, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, WV, USA
37Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
38Department of Geography, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
39Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, WI, USA
40Biology Department, North Central College, Naperville, IL, USA
41Biology Department, Luther College, Decorah, IA, USA
42Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
43Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
44Department of Geography, University of Reno, Nevada, NV, USA
45Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
46College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
47Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
48School of Geography, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
49Institut de Botanique, Université de Neuchâtel, Bern, Switzerland
50Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA, USA
51Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
52Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
53EPHE, UMR-CNRS 5805, EPOC, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
54Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
55Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectual University, Kyoto, Japan
56Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
57GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
58Biology and Environmental Studies, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
59GNS Science, Avalon, New Zealand
60LCE CNRS-University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
61Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
62Department of Environment and Conservation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
63Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing, China
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Power, M.J., Marlon, J., Ortiz, N. et al. Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data. Clim Dyn 30, 887–907 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0334-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0334-x