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Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries

  • Original Contribution
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Abstract

Purpose

Various food patterns have been associated with weight change in adults, but it is unknown which combinations of nutrients may account for such observations. We investigated associations between main nutrient patterns and prospective weight change in adults.

Methods

This study includes 235,880 participants, 25–70 years old, recruited between 1992 and 2000 in 10 European countries. Intakes of 23 nutrients were estimated from country-specific validated dietary questionnaires using the harmonized EPIC Nutrient DataBase. Four nutrient patterns, explaining 67 % of the total variance of nutrient intakes, were previously identified from principal component analysis. Body weight was measured at recruitment and self-reported 5 years later. The relationship between nutrient patterns and annual weight change was examined separately for men and women using linear mixed models with random effect according to center controlling for confounders.

Results

Mean weight gain was 460 g/year (SD 950) and 420 g/year (SD 940) for men and women, respectively. The annual differences in weight gain per one SD increase in the pattern scores were as follows: principal component (PC) 1, characterized by nutrients from plant food sources, was inversely associated with weight gain in men (−22 g/year; 95 % CI −33 to −10) and women (−18 g/year; 95 % CI −26 to −11). In contrast, PC4, characterized by protein, vitamin B2, phosphorus, and calcium, was associated with a weight gain of +41 g/year (95 % CI +2 to +80) and +88 g/year (95 % CI +36 to +140) in men and women, respectively. Associations with PC2, a pattern driven by many micro-nutrients, and with PC3, a pattern driven by vitamin D, were less consistent and/or non-significant.

Conclusions

We identified two main nutrient patterns that are associated with moderate but significant long-term differences in weight gain in adults.

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Acknowledgments

The work described in the paper was carried out with the financial support of the European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 1993–2004; Research Directorate-General 2005; Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Société 3M (France); Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Institut Gustave Roussy; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Center; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236), Navarra, and ISCIII RTICC (RD06/0020/0091 and RD12/0036/0018), Spain; Cancer Research, UK; Medical Research Council, UK; Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council, Regione Sicilia (Sicilian government); Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica - ONLUS (Hyblean association for epidemiological research, NPO); Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Research Council; Regional Government of Skane and the County Council of Vasterbotten, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society and the Norwegian Research Council. AM received additional funding from the Fondation de France.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France

    Heinz Freisling, Pedro T. Pisa, Pietro Ferrari, Graham Byrnes, Aurelie Moskal, Mattias Johansson & Nadia Slimani

  2. Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Pedro T. Pisa

  3. Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Christina C. Dahm & Camilla P. Hansen

  4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Anne-Claire Vergnaud, Dora Romaguera, Yunxia Lu, Camille M. Lassale & H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita

  5. Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health Team, INSERM, Villejuif, France

    Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Guy Fagherazzi & Claire Cadeau

  6. Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France

    Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Guy Fagherazzi & Claire Cadeau

  7. Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

    Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Guy Fagherazzi & Claire Cadeau

  8. Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    Tilman Kühn & Jasmine Neamat-Allah

  9. Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany

    Brian Buijsse & Heiner Boeing

  10. Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Jytte Halkjær & Anne Tjonneland

  11. Public Health Directorate, Asturias, Spain

    J. Ramón Quirós

  12. Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain

    Noémie Travier

  13. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Esther Molina-Montes

  14. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Esther Molina-Montes & José M. Huerta

  15. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain

    José M. Huerta

  16. Public Helath Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Health Department, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain

    Pilar Amiano

  17. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Pilar Amiano & Aurelio Barricarte

  18. Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain

    Aurelio Barricarte

  19. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Kay-Tee Khaw

  20. Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Nicholas Wareham

  21. Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Tim J. Key

  22. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER-OBN), Madrid, Spain

    Dora Romaguera

  23. Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece

    Androniki Naska, Philippos Orfanos & Antonia Trichopoulou

  24. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

    Androniki Naska, Philippos Orfanos & Antonia Trichopoulou

  25. Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, ISPO, Florence, Italy

    Giovanna Masala

  26. Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy

    Valeria Pala & Franco Berrino

  27. Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera “Civile M.P. Arezzo”, Ragusa, Italy

    Rosario Tumino

  28. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology - CERMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

    Fulvio Ricceri

  29. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Frederico II University, Naples, Italy

    Maria Santucci de Magistris

  30. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita & Marga C. Ocké

  31. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita

  32. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita

  33. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Emily Sonestedt

  34. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Ulrika Ericson

  35. Department of Biobank Research, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden

    Mattias Johansson

  36. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsö, Norway

    Guri Skeie, Elisabete Weiderpass & Tonje Braaten

  37. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

    Elisabete Weiderpass

  38. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Elisabete Weiderpass

  39. Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

    Elisabete Weiderpass

  40. Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Petra H. M. Peeters

Authors
  1. Heinz Freisling
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  2. Pedro T. Pisa
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  3. Pietro Ferrari
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  4. Graham Byrnes
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  5. Aurelie Moskal
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  6. Christina C. Dahm
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  7. Anne-Claire Vergnaud
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  8. Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
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  9. Guy Fagherazzi
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  10. Claire Cadeau
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  11. Tilman Kühn
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  12. Jasmine Neamat-Allah
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  13. Brian Buijsse
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  14. Heiner Boeing
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  15. Jytte Halkjær
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  16. Anne Tjonneland
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  17. Camilla P. Hansen
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  18. J. Ramón Quirós
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  19. Noémie Travier
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  20. Esther Molina-Montes
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  21. Pilar Amiano
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  22. José M. Huerta
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  23. Aurelio Barricarte
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  25. Nicholas Wareham
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  26. Tim J. Key
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  27. Dora Romaguera
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  28. Yunxia Lu
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  29. Camille M. Lassale
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  30. Androniki Naska
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  31. Philippos Orfanos
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  32. Antonia Trichopoulou
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  33. Giovanna Masala
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  34. Valeria Pala
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  35. Franco Berrino
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  36. Rosario Tumino
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  37. Fulvio Ricceri
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  38. Maria Santucci de Magistris
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  39. H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
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  40. Marga C. Ocké
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  41. Emily Sonestedt
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  42. Ulrika Ericson
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  43. Mattias Johansson
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  44. Guri Skeie
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  45. Elisabete Weiderpass
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  46. Tonje Braaten
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  47. Petra H. M. Peeters
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  48. Nadia Slimani
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Correspondence to Heinz Freisling.

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Ethical standards

The study has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and obtained ethical approval from participating centers and IARC ethics committees. Informed consent was given by all study participants.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Freisling, H., Pisa, P.T., Ferrari, P. et al. Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries. Eur J Nutr 55, 2093–2104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1023-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1023-x

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