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Evaluation of cognitive subdomains, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the European Male Ageing Study

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Abstract

Purpose

Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men.

Methods

The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) followed 3369 men aged 40–79 over 4.4 years. 25(OH)D levels at baseline were measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25(OH)2D levels were obtained with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed at baseline and follow-up were assessed using the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).

Results

Following attritions, a total of 2430 men with a mean (SD) age of 59.0 (10.6) were included in the analyses. At baseline, the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 64.6 (31.5) nmol/l, and mean 1,25(OH)2D level was 59.6 (16.6) pmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regression models, high 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a smaller decline in the DSST (β = 0.007, p = 0.020). Men with low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/l) showed a greater decline in the CTRM compared to men with higher (≥75 nmol/l) levels (β = −0.41, p = 0.035). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders such as depressive symptoms, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no indication of a relationship between 1,25(OH)2D and decline in cognitive subdomains.

Conclusion

We found no evidence for an independent association between 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D levels and visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, or processing speed over on average 4.4 years in this sample of middle-aged and elderly European men.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the participating patients in the eight countries and the following research and nursing staff for their data collection: C Pott, Manchester; E Wouters, Leuven; M Nilsson, Malmö; M del Mar Fernandez, Santiago de Compostela; M Jedrzejowska, Łódź; H-M Tabo, Tary; and A Heredi, Szeged. The authors also wish to thank C Moseley, Manchester, for data entry and project coordination, and E van Herck, Leuven, for performing the 25(OH)D assays. The EMAS Study Group members are based in the following cities: Florence, Italy (Gianni Forti, Luisa Petrone, Giovanni Corona); Leuven, Belgium (Dirk Vanderschueren, Herman Borghs, Leen Antonio); Łódź, Poland (Krzysztof Kula, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Renata Walczak-Jedrzejowska); London, UK (Ilpo Huhtaniemi); Malmö, Sweden (Aleksander Giwercman); Manchester, UK (Frederick Wu, Alan Silman, Neil Pendleton, Terence O’Neill, Joseph Finn, Philip Steer, David Lee, Stephen Pye); Santiago de Compostela, Spain (Felipe Casanueva, Ana I Castro); Szeged, Hungary (Gyorgy Bartfai, Imre Földesi, Imre Fejes); and Tartu, Estonia (Margus Punab, Paul Korrovitz).

Funding

The European Male Ageing Study is funded by the Commission of the European Communities Fifth Framework Program “Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources” Grant QLK6-CT-2001-00258. Additional support was provided by the Arthritis Research Campaign (UK).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Margot J. Overman

  2. Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Neil Pendleton

  3. Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Terence W. O’Neill

  4. NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

    Terence W. O’Neill

  5. Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Albert Szent-György Medical University, Szeged, Hungary

    Gyorgy Bartfai

  6. Department of Medicine, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Felipe F. Casanueva

  7. Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Joseph D. Finn, Elon S. Correa, Tomas Ahern & Frederick C. W. Wu

  8. Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Gianni Forti

  9. Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Giulia Rastrelli

  10. Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

    Aleksander Giwercman

  11. Department of Endocrinology, Ashford and St Peter’s NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK

    Thang S. Han

  12. Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK

    Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi

  13. Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland

    Krzysztof Kula

  14. Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Michael E. J. Lean

  15. Andrology Unit, United Laboratories of Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia

    Margus Punab

  16. School of Social Sciences, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    David M. Lee

  17. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium

    Sabine M. P. Verschueren

  18. Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Leen Antonio & Dirk Vanderschueren

  19. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Leen Antonio & Jos Tournoy

  20. Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium

    Evelien Gielen & Jos Tournoy

  21. The Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Martin K. Rutter

  22. Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

    Martin K. Rutter

  23. UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, Postbus 7003 35, 3000, Louvain, Belgium

    Margot J. Overman

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  1. Margot J. Overman
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  2. Neil Pendleton
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  3. Terence W. O’Neill
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The EMAS Study Group

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Correspondence to Margot J. Overman.

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Conflict of interest

Prof. D. Vanderschueren is employed as a senior clinical investigator of the University Hospitals Leuven. The remaining authors have no competing interests to disclose.

Ethical standards

Ethical approval for this study was obtained in agreement with local institutional requirements at each centre. Written informed consent was provided by all the participants prior to their inclusion in the study.

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Overman, M.J., Pendleton, N., O’Neill, T.W. et al. Evaluation of cognitive subdomains, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the European Male Ageing Study. Eur J Nutr 56, 2093–2103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1247-4

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