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Diet as moderator in the association of adiposity with inflammatory biomarkers among adolescents in the HELENA study

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Abstract

Aim

Our aim is to demonstrate that a healthy diet might reduce the relation between adiposity and inflammation, whereas an unhealthy diet may increase the effect of adiposity on inflammatory biomarkers.

Methods

In 618 adolescents (13–17 years) of the European HELENA study, data were available on body composition, a set of inflammation markers, and food intake determined by a self-administered computerized 24-h recall. A 9-point Mediterranean diet score and an antioxidant-rich diet score were used as dietary parameters and tested as moderator. Total body fat was represented by the sum of six skinfold thicknesses and central adiposity by waist circumference. A set of inflammation-related biomarkers was used as outcome: a pro/anti-inflammatory interleukins ratio, TGFβ-1, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, 3 cell adhesion molecules, and 3 types of immune cells; gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and homocysteine were used as cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, and alanine transaminase (ALT) as liver dysfunction biomarker. Multiple linear regression analyses tested moderation by diet in the adiposity-inflammation association and were adjusted for age, sex, country, puberty, socioeconomic status.

Results

Both the Mediterranean and antioxidant-rich diet, and overall and central adiposity, were important in the moderation. Diet was a significant protective moderator in the effect of adiposity on the pro/anti-inflammatory interleukins ratio, TGFβ-1, GGT, and ALT.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in some cases, a diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients may attenuate the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers caused by adiposity, whereas a poor diet appears to contribute to the onset of early oxidative stress signs.

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Acknowledgements

The HELENA Study was carried out with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOODCT-2005-007034). The writing group takes sole responsibility for the content of this article. The European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3, 4th Floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Aline Arouca, Inge Huybrechts, Stefaan De Henauw & Nathalie Michels

  2. GENUD: “Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development” Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

    Luis A. Moreno & Esther M. Gonzalez-Gil

  3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Luis A. Moreno & Esther M. Gonzalez-Gil

  4. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain

    Ascensión Marcos

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Kurt Widhalm

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary

    Dénes Molnár

  7. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

    Yannis Manios

  8. Faculty of Medicine, University Lille, Lille, France

    Frederic Gottrand

  9. Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece

    Anthony Kafatos

  10. Research Department Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Mathilde Kersting

  11. Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden

    Michael Sjöström

  12. Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete

  13. Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy

    Marika Ferrari

  14. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

    Inge Huybrechts

  15. ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Marcela Gonzalez-Gross

Authors
  1. Aline Arouca
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  2. Luis A. Moreno
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  3. Esther M. Gonzalez-Gil
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  4. Ascensión Marcos
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  5. Kurt Widhalm
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  6. Dénes Molnár
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  7. Yannis Manios
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  8. Frederic Gottrand
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  9. Anthony Kafatos
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  10. Mathilde Kersting
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  11. Michael Sjöström
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  12. Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
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  13. Marika Ferrari
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  14. Inge Huybrechts
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  15. Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
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  16. Stefaan De Henauw
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  17. Nathalie Michels
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Contributions

AA formulated the research question, has analyzed the data and wrote a draft of the paper. NM helped in formulating the research question, analyzing the data and did editing of the first draft. NM and SDH are co-supervisor and supervisor of Aline Arouca; LAM was coordinator of the HELENA project. All other authors were involved in the HELENA project (coordinator or data collection). AM was responsible for the inflammatory parameter analyses. IH developed the Mediterranean diet score. MGG was responsible for the complete blood sampling and collection. All authors have read the draft and agreed on the final version. The authors would like to thank Anke Carstensen and Petra Pickert for their contribution to the laboratory work.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aline Arouca or Nathalie Michels.

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Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Arouca, A., Moreno, L.A., Gonzalez-Gil, E.M. et al. Diet as moderator in the association of adiposity with inflammatory biomarkers among adolescents in the HELENA study. Eur J Nutr 58, 1947–1960 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1749-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1749-3

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