Abstract
Background
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is associated with intracranial hemorrhage.
Aim
To identify clinical and imaging features of CVT-associated intracranial hemorrhage. We hypothesized that higher clot burden would be associated with a higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage.
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of an international, multicenter cohort of patients with confirmed cerebral venous thrombosis who underwent computed tomography within 2 weeks of symptom onset. Clinical and imaging features were compared between patients with and without intracranial hemorrhage. Clot burden was assessed by counting the number of thrombosed venous sinuses and veins on confirmatory imaging.
Results
We enrolled 260 patients from 10 institutions in Europe and Mexico. The mean age was 42 years and 74% were female. Intracranial hemorrhage was found in 102 (39%). Among them parenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 64 (63%), in addition, small juxta-cortical hemorrhage was found in 30 (29%), subarachnoid hemorrhage in 24 (24%) and subdural hemorrhage in 11 (11%). Multiple concomitant types of hemorrhage occurred in 23 (23%). Older age and superior sagittal thrombosis involvement were associated with presence of hemorrhage. The number of thrombosed venous sinuses was not associated with intracranial hemorrhage (median number IQRInterquartile ratio] of sinuses/veins involved with hemorrhage 2 (1–3) vs. 2 (1–3) without hemorrhage, p = 0.4).
Conclusion
The high rate of intracranial hemorrhage in cerebral venous thrombosis is not explained by widespread involvement of the venous sinuses. Superior sagittal sinus involvement is associated with higher bleeding risk.
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Change history
12 August 2020
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The correct information is given below.
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Acknowledgments
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health acknowledges the strong support from the Victorian Government and in particular the funding from the Operational Infrastructure Support Grant.
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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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VT designed the manuscript and collected data. KA collected data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. GB analysed the images. The other authors (SZ, PB, CE, MB, PC, IE, DR, NH, RL, FF, JJC, ES, SH, AA, AP, JM, JP, CW, TG, TT, JC, PD, MS) collected data. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Informed consent was not sought for the present study because of the retrospective, anonymized nature of the study, in accordance with the participating center’s ethics committee’s policies.
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Specific approval of the project by an Ethics Committee (Leuven, Graz) or a waiver due to the anonymized, retrospective data and imaging collection (Amsterdam, Nîmes, Mexico City, Essen, Brescia, Sevilla, Barcelona, Helsinki) were obtained by each participating site, according to local regulations.
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Afifi, K., Bellanger, G., Buyck, P.J. et al. Features of intracranial hemorrhage in cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol 267, 3292–3298 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10008-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10008-0