Abstract
Purpose
This study explored the feasibility of the force–velocity relationship (F–V) to detect the acute effects of different fatigue protocols on the selective changes of the maximal capacities of upper body muscles to produce force, velocity, and power.
Methods
After determining the bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM), participants’ F–V relationships were assessed during the bench press throw exercise on five separate sessions after performing one of the following fatiguing protocols: 60%1RM failure, 60%1RM non-failure, 80%1RM failure, 80%1RM non-failure, and no-fatigue. In the non-failure protocols, participants performed half the maximum number of repetitions than in their respective failure protocols.
Results
The main findings revealed that (1) all F–V relationships were highly linear (median r = 0.997 and r = 0.982 for averaged across participants and individual data, respectively), (2) the fatiguing protocols were ranked based on the magnitude of power loss as follows: 60%1RM failure > 80%1RM failure > 60%1RM non-failure > 80%1RM non-failure, while (3) the assessed maximum force and velocity outputs showed a particularly prominent reduction in the protocols based on the lowest and highest levels of fatigue (i.e., 80%1RM non-failure and 60%1RM failure), respectively.
Conclusions
The results support the use of F–V to assess the effects of fatigue on the distinctive capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power output while performing multi-joint tasks, while the assessed maximum force and velocity capacities showed a particularly prominent reduction in the protocols based on the lowest and highest levels of fatigue (i.e., 80%1RM non-failure and 60%1RM failure), respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 1RM:
-
One repetition maximum
- a :
-
Linear regression slope
- BP:
-
Bench press
- BPT:
-
Bench press throw
- F:
-
Force
- F 0 :
-
Regression parameter (F-intercept) depicting maximum force
- F–V :
-
Force–velocity relationship
- P:
-
Power
- P 0 :
-
Regression parameter [(F 0 × V 0)/4] depicting maximum power
- r :
-
Correlation coefficient
- V:
-
Velocity
- V 0 :
-
Regression parameter (V-intercept) depicting maximum velocity
References
Buttelli O, Seck D, Vandewalle H, Jouanin JC, Monod H (1996) Effect of fatigue on maximal velocity and maximal torque during short exhausting cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 73:175–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00262828
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale
De Ruiter CJ, De Haan A (2000) Temperature effect on the force/velocity relationship of the fresh and fatigued human adductor pollicis muscle. Pflugers Arch 440:163–170
De Ruiter CJ, Jones DA, Sargeant AJ, De Haan A (1999) The measurement of force/velocity relationships of fresh and fatigued human adductor pollicis muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 80:386–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050608
Djuric S, Cuk I, Sreckovic S et al (2016) Selective effects of training against weight and inertia on muscle mechanical properties. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 11:927–932. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0527
Dobrijevic S, Ilic V, Djuric S, Jaric S (2017) Force-velocity relationship of leg muscles assessed with motorized treadmill tests: two-velocity method. Gait Posture 56:60–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.033
Edman KA, Mattiazzi AR (1981) Effects of fatigue and altered pH on isometric force and velocity of shortening at zero load in frog muscle fibres. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2:321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00713270
Enoka RM, Duchateau J (2008) Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. J Physiol 5861:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477
Folland JP, Irish CS, Roberts JC et al (2002) Fatigue is not a necessary stimulus for strength gains during resistance training. Br J Sports Med 36:370–373. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.5.370
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR et al (2011) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1334–1359. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Garcia-Ramos A, Jaric S, Padial P, Feriche B (2016) Force–velocity relationship of upper-body muscles: traditional vs. ballistic bench press. J Appl Biomech 32:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0162
García-Ramos A, Nebot V, Padial P et al (2016) Effects of short inter-repetition rest periods on power output losses during the half squat exercise. Isokinet Exerc Sci 24:323–330. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-160634
García-Ramos A, Torrejón A, Feriche B et al (2017) Prediction of the maximum number of repetitions and repetitions in reserve from barbell velocity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0302
Haff GG, Nimphius S (2012) Training principles for power. Strength Cond J 34:2–12. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31826db467
Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, González-Badillo JJ et al (2006) Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol 100:1647–1656. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01400.2005
Jaric S (2015) Force-velocity relationship of muscles performing multi-joint maximum performance tasks. Int J Sports Med 36:699–704. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1547283
Jaric S (2016) Two-load method for distinguishing between muscle force, velocity, and power-producing capacities. Sports Med 46:1585–1589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0531-z
Jaric S, Garcia-Ramos A (2017) Letter to the editor concerning the article “Bar velocities capable of optimising the muscle power in strength-power exercises” by Loturco, Pereira, Abad, Tabares, Moraes, Kobal, Kitamura, Nakamura (2017). J Sports Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1348015 (Epub ahead of print)
Jones DA (2010) Changes in the force-velocity relationship of fatigued muscle: implications for power production and possible causes. J Physiol 588:2977–2986. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190934
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA (2004) Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:674–688. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
Lake JP, Lauder MA, Smith NA (2012) Barbell kinematics should not be used to estimate power output applied to the Barbell-and-body system center of mass during lower-body resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 26:1302–1307. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822e7b48
Lännergren J, Westerblad H (1989) Maximum tension and force-velocity properties of fatigued, single Xenopus muscle fibres studied by caffeine and high K+. J Physiol 409:473–490. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017508
Levinger I, Goodman C, Hare DL et al (2007) The effect of resistance training on functional capacity and quality of life in individuals with high and low numbers of metabolic risk factors. Diabetes Care 30:2205–2210. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0841
Morcillo JA, Jiménez-Reyes P, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V et al (2015) Relationships between repeated sprint ability, mechanical parameters, and blood metabolites in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 29:1673–1682. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000782
Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K et al (1996) Kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation during explosive upper body movements. J Appl Biomech 12:31–43
Pareja-Blanco F, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sánchez-Medina L et al (2017) Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sport 27:724–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/SMS.12678
Pérez-Castilla A, Jaric S, Feriche B et al (2017) Evaluation of muscle mechanical capacities through the two-load method: optimization of the load selection. J Strength Cond Res. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001969 (Epub ahead of print)
Rahmani A, Samozino P, Morin J-B, Morel B (2017) A simple method for assessing upper limb force-velocity profile in bench press. Int J Sports Physiol Perform Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0814
Reid KF, Fielding RA (2012) Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 40:4–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f13
Riviere JR, Rossi J, Jimenez-Reyes P et al (2017) Where does the one-repetition maximum exist on the force-velocity relationship in squat? Int J Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116670 (Epub ahead of print)
Ruiter CJ, Didden WJ, Jones DA, Haan AD (2000) The force-velocity relationship of human adductor pollicis muscle during stretch and the effects of fatigue. J Physiol 526 Pt 3:671–681
Samozino P, Rejc E, Di Prampero PE et al (2012) Optimal force-velocity profile in ballistic movements-Altius: citius or fortius? Med Sci Sports Exerc 44:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822d757a
Sampson JA, Groeller H (2016) Is repetition failure critical for the development of muscle hypertrophy and strength? Scand J Med Sci Sport 26:375–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12445
Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo JJ (2011) Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213f880
Schoenfeld BJ (2013) Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Med 43:179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0017-1
Shimano T, Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA et al (2006) Relationship between the number of repetitions and selected percentages of one repetition maximum in free weight exercises in trained and untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 20:819–823. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18195.1
Sreckovic S, Cuk I, Djuric S et al (2015) Evaluation of force-velocity and power-velocity relationship of arm muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 115:1779–1787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3165-1
Tufano JJ, Conlon JA, Nimphius S et al (2016) Cluster sets maintain velocity and power during high-volume back squats. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 11:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0602
Vandewalle H, Peres G, Heller J et al (1987) Force-velocity relationship and maximal power on a cycle ergometer - Correlation with the height of a vertical jump. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 56:650–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00424805
Zivkovic MZ, Djuric S, Cuk I et al (2017) Muscle force-velocity relationships observed in four different functional tests. J Hum Kinet 56:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0021
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Serbian Research Council under Grant 175037.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by Nicolas Place.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
García-Ramos, A., Torrejón, A., Feriche, B. et al. Selective effects of different fatigue protocols on the function of upper body muscles assessed through the force–velocity relationship. Eur J Appl Physiol 118, 439–447 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3786-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3786-7