Abstract
The stomach acts as a buffer between the ingestion of food and its processing in the small intestine. It signals to the brain to modulate food intake and it in turn regulates the passage of a nutrient-rich fluid, containing partly digested food, into the duodenum. These processes need to be finely controlled, for example to restrict reflux into the esophagus and to transfer digesta to the duodenum at an appropriate rate. Thus, the efferent pathways that control gastric volume, gastric peristalsis and digestive juice production are critically important. We review these pathways with an emphasis on the identities of the final motor neurons and comparisons between species. The major types of motor neurons arising from gastric enteric ganglia are as follows: immunohistochemically distinguishable excitatory and inhibitory muscle motor neurons; four neuron types innervating mucosal effectors (parietal cells, chief cells, gastrin cells and somatostatin cells); and vasodilator neurons. Sympathetic efferent neurons innervate intramural arteries, myenteric ganglia and gastric muscle. Vagal efferent neurons with cell bodies in the brain stem do not directly innervate gastric effector tissues; they are pre-enteric neurons that innervate each type of gastric enteric motor neuron. The principal transmitters and co-transmitters of gastric motor neurons, as well as key immunohistochemical markers, are the same in rat, pig, human and other species.
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Abbreviations
- ACh:
-
Acetylcholine
- ChAT:
-
Choline acetyltransferase
- DBH:
-
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
- ENK:
-
Enkephalin
- GRP:
-
Gastrin-releasing peptide
- IR:
-
Immunoreactive
- nNOS:
-
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NPY:
-
Neuropeptide Y
- PACAP:
-
Pituitary adenyl cyclase activating peptide
- PHI:
-
Peptide histidine isoleucine
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TK:
-
Tachykinin (these neurons produce a range of pharmacologically similar tachykinins, substance P, neurokinin A, and neuropeptide K)
- VAChT:
-
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
- VIP:
-
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
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Acknowledgments
Confocal imaging was performed at the Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne.
Funding
This work was supported by NIH (SPARC) grant ID no. OT2OD023847 (PIs TLP and JBF). LO is the recipient of a Swiss National Science Foundation Fellowship.
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Furness, J.B., Di Natale, M., Hunne, B. et al. The identification of neuronal control pathways supplying effector tissues in the stomach. Cell Tissue Res 382, 433–445 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03294-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03294-7