Abstract
The wild sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera is considered as an endangered aquatic plant in China and Russia. To date, the assessments and comparisons of the genetic diversity of wild populations of N. nucifera in Russia and China are very limited. Here, we sampled 15 wild populations of N. nucifera, including 208 individuals from these two key areas and genotyped using 13 microsatellite markers. Our results revealed 154 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among individuals. Excluding the NS049 Locus that showed significant null alleles, we further assessed the genetic diversity of 154 MLGs in our study. The Chinese populations exhibited slightly lower genetic diversity compared to the Russian ones. Overall, the study showed low levels of genetic diversity (HO = 0.174 and HE = 0.251) with substantial genetic differentiation (FST = 0.547) in N. nucifera populations. We found a greater genetic variation residing among populations (54.74%) and a significant correlation (R2 = 0.8756, P = 0.01) between genetic and geographic distances. In Bayesian analyses, we found that the populations were clustered into three distinct genetic pools (K = 3) supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. We observed low gene flow between the genetic pools (NM = 0.2649). Nine of the 15 populations showed recent bottlenecks, demonstrating the N. nucifera populations were vulnerable or endangered in Russia and China. Therefore, based on the available genetic variations and the levels of threats, we recommended important population sites for the preservation of N. nucifera through complimentary conservation approaches.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Boniface K. Ngarega and Josphat K. Saina for their suggestions to improve the content of the manuscript.
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This study was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31570220) and Bureau of Landscaping and Forestry of Wuhan Municipal (No. 2018-28).
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Online Resource 1. Population codes and sampled sites of Nelumbo nucifera used in the present study.
Online Resource 2. Genetic variation statistics of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 154 individuals of Nelumbo nucifera.
Online Resource 3. Pairwise fixation index (FST) values between populations of Nelumbo nucifera in this study.
Online Resource 4. Summarized results of the MIGRATE-n analyses among the three genetic pools of Nelumbo nucifera.
Online Resource 5. Comparisons of genetic diversity between study areas of Nelumbo nucifera.
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Li, ZZ., Islam, M.R., Huang, SX. et al. Genetic diversity comparisons of wild populations of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) in Russia and China using microsatellite markers. Plant Syst Evol 306, 79 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01708-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01708-1