Abstract
Evapotranspiration denotes the transport of water vapor between an ecosystem and atmosphere comprising the biotic (transpiration) and abiotic (evaporation) components. Additionally, the water vapor transports the energy used for its vaporization, the latent heat. In the present study we compare the ecohydrological cycle of a mangrove on the Bay of Bengal coast in southeast India with a broadleaf deciduous forest in northeast India using eddy covariance flux measurement for the very first time. Similar to a semi-arid ecosystem the evapotranspiration from mangrove is dominated by the dry sensible heat flux throughout the year, except pre-monsoon when it behaves like a well-watered ecosystem with evapotranspiration dominating the sensible heat flux. Such behavior is in stark contrast with the broadleaf deciduous forest which provides stronger evapotranspirative heating than sensible heat throughout the year including the dry seasons. The evaporative fraction remains consistently much lower at the mangrove than the broadleaf deciduous forest. Compared to the broadleaf deciduous forest, the mangrove ecosystem remains tighter coupled with the atmosphere. Transpiration contributes the larger share to the evapotranspiration of mangrove even in the dry seasons, whereas transpiration and evaporation contribute maximum to the evapotranspiration of broadleaf deciduous forest periodically through the year. Based on principal component analysis we show that both transpiration and evaporation at the mangrove are most strongly coupled with salinity, much different from the broadleaf deciduous forest where transpiration and evaporation are most tightly coupled with root-zone soil moisture and wind speed, respectively. The salinity regulation of transpiration has an important implication for the carbon cycle of mangrove and its appropriate parameterization in ecosystem and climate models.
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The site measured data used in this paper are available as open-source at https://www.doi.org/10.17632/4hgdz8685w.3
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the Director, IITM Pune for his constant encouragement and support. The IITM is fully supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), the Government of India. We thank the Departments of Forest, the Governments of Assam and Tamil Nadu for providing the necessary permission to carry out the observations required for this work and the National Data Centre, IMD Pune for providing the long-term temperature and rainfall measurements at Cuddalore and Tezpur. We are grateful to the founder Chairman and Chairperson of MSSRF for providing the facilities necessary for this work. We thank B. Mahalingam, Central University of Karnataka for discussions related to remote sensing software. The site measured data used in this paper is available at https://www.doi.org/10.17632/4hgdz8685w.3.
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PKDB: Conceptualization, Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing the original draft. SC: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Reviewing and editing the original draft. TSE-M: Methodology, Visualization, Reviewing and editing the original draft. RR: Project administration, Reviewing and editing the original draft. NG: Project administration, Reviewing and editing the original draft. PG: Project administration, Data collection, Reviewing and editing the original draft. CM: Analysis, Reviewing and editing the original draft. RN: Project administration, Reviewing and editing the original draft. AK: Instrumentation, Reviewing and editing the original draft.
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Deb Burman, P.K., Chakraborty, S., El-Madany, T.S. et al. A comparative study of ecohydrologies of a tropical mangrove and a broadleaf deciduous forest using eddy covariance measurement. Meteorol Atmos Phys 134, 4 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00840-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00840-y