Abstract
In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
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Introduction
The phylum Negarnaviricota was established in 2019 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for negative-sense RNA viruses that can be connected evolutionarily through the possession of virally encoded RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRps). The phylum includes two subphyla, Haploviricotina and Polyploviricotina, for negative-sense RNA viruses that encode RdRps with or without mRNA capping activity, respectively. The two subphyla include four classes (Chunqiuviricetes, Milneviricetes, Monjiviricetes, and Yunchangviricetes) and two classes (Ellioviricetes and Insthoviricetes), respectively [33, 59, 74]. The phylum was last amended/emended in 2021 [34]. Here, we present the changes that were proposed to the phylum via official taxonomic proposals (TaxoProps) in 2021 and accepted by the ICTV in March and May 2022 [23, 70]. These changes are now part of the official ICTV taxonomy [24].
Taxonomic changes in subphylum Haploviricotina
Chunqiuviricetes
The names of all species in the class were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Milneviricetes
The names of all species in the class were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.014P.R.Aspiviridae_rename).
Monjiviricetes
Family Aliusviridae
The species name Olluvirus shayangense was corrected to Ollusvirus shayangense (TaxoProp 2021.042M.R.Corrections_Riboviria_Duplodnaviria).
Family Artoviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.009M.R.Artoviridae_sprename).
Genus Peropuvirus was expanded by one new species, Peropuvirus melongenae, for Solanum melongena rhabdo-like virus (SmRLV) identified in a metagenomic study of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) leaf tissue sampled in Zhènjiāng (镇江市), Jiāngsū Province (江苏省), China [78] (TaxoProp 2021.029M.R.Peropuvirus_1nsp).
Family Bornaviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (2021.010M.R.Bornaviridae_sprename).
Genus Orthobornavirus was expanded by one new species, Orthobornavirus caenophidiae, for Caribbean watersnake bornavirus (CWBV) and Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake bornavirus (MRBV) identified in archived raw transcriptomic read data of a Caribbean watersnake (colubrid Tretanorhinus variabilis A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) and a Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake (viperid Crotalus molossus nigrescens Gloyd, 1936), respectively [49] (TaxoProp 2021.021M.R.Orthobornavirus_1nsp).
Family Filoviridae
Family Filoviridae was expanded by two genera:
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genus Oblavirus was established to include one new species, Oblavirus percae, for Oberland virus (OBLV) discovered by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) in European perch (percid Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Switzerland [20] (TaxoProp 2021.011M.R.Filoviridae_1ngen_3nsp); and
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genus Tapjovirus was established to include one new species, Tapjovirus bothropis, for Tapajós virus (TAPV) discovered in sequence read archive (SRA) data obtained from a common lancehead (viperid Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Brazil [21] (TaxoProp 2021.005M.R.Filoviridae_1ngen_1nsp).
Genus Thamnovirus was expanded by two new species, Thamnovirus percae for Fiwi virus (FIWIV) and Thamnovirus kanderense for Kander virus (KNDV), both discovered by HTS in European perch (percid Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Switzerland [20] (TaxoProp 2021.011M.R.Filoviridae_1ngen_3nsp).
Family Lispiviridae
Family Lispiviridae was thoroughly revised (TaxoProp 2021.016M.R.Lispiviridae_16ngen_13nsp):
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in genus Arlivirus, species Lishi arlivirus was renamed Arlivirus arachnae. Species Gerrid arlivirus, Hubei arlivirus, Odonate arlivirus, Tacheng arlivirus, and Wuchang arlivirus were renamed Sanstrivirus gerridis, Leocovirus coleopteris, Damravirus dentatis, Ganiavirus tachengense, and Nematovirus wuchangense, respectively, and moved into the newly created genera Sanstrivirus, Leocovirus, Damravirus, Ganiavirus, and Nematovirus, respectively;
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genus Anicalvirus was created to include the new species Anicalvirus hangzhouense for Anisopteromalus calandrae negative-strand RNA virus 2 (AcNSRV-2) discovered by HTS in a parasitoid wasp (pteromalid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881)) sampled in Hángzhōu (杭州市), Zhèjiāng Province (浙江省), China [72];
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genus Anidravirus was created to include the new species Anidravirus hangzhouense for Anisopteromalus calandrae negative-strand RNA virus 1 (AcNSRV-1) discovered by HTS in parasitoid wasps (pteromalid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881)) sampled in Hángzhōu (杭州市), Zhèjiāng Province (浙江省), China [72];
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genus Copasivirus was created to include two new species:
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Copasivirus manlyvaleense for Jimsystermes virus (JIMV) discovered by HTS in termites (termitid Occasitermes sp.) sampled in Manly Vale, New South Wales, Australia [35]; and
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Copasivirus ivindoense for isopteran arli-related virus OKIAV103 (IARV-103) discovered by HTS in termites (rhinotermitid Coptotermes sp.) sampled in Ivindo National Park (Parc national d'Ivindo), Ogooué-Ivindo Province, Gabon [27];
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genus Cybitervirus was created to include new species Cybitervirus niederense for coleopteran arli-related virus OKIAV107 (CARV-107) discovered by HTS in beetles (dytiscid Cybister lateralimarginalis (De Geer, 1774)) sampled in Lüchow-Dannenberg, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany [27];
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genus Phelinovirus was created to include new species Phelinovirus aphidis for hymenopteran arli-related virus OKIAV99 (HARV-99) discovered by HTS in parasitoid wasps (aphelinid Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman, 1820)) in laboratory culture samples of unknown geographical origin [27];
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genus Rivapovirus was created to include new species Rivapovirus aleyrodidae for hemipteran arli-related virus OKIAV94 (HARV-94) discovered by HTS in greenhouse whiteflies (aleyrodid Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856) of commercial laboratory cultures sampled in Brandenburg, Germany [27];
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genus Stylovirus was created to include new species Stylovirus niederense for strepsipteran arli-related virus OKIAV104 (SARV-104) discovered by HTS in endoparasitic insects (stylopid Stylops melittae Kirby, 1802) sampled in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany [27];
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genus Supelovirus was created to include the new species Supelovirus thailandense for blattodean arli-related virus OKIAV102 (BARV-102) discovered by HTS in brown-banded cockroaches (ectobiid Supella longipalpa Fabricius, 1798) of laboratory culture samples originating from Thailand [27];
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genus Synelinevirus was created to include two new species:
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Synelinevirus paranaense for Linepithema humile rhabdo-like virus 1 (LhuRLV-1) 1 discovered by HTS in Argentine ants (dolichoderine Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868)) sampled in Catalonia (Cataluña), Spain [68]; and
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Synelinevirus bonnense for hymenopteran arli-related virus OKIAV98 (HARV-98) discovered by HTS in gall wasps (cynipid Synergus umbraculus Walker, 1874) sampled in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Germany [27];
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genus Usmuvirus was created to include the new species Usmuvirus newyorkense for Amsterdam virus (AMSV) discovered by HTS in house mice (murid Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in New York, New York, USA [73]; and
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genus Xenophyvirus was created to include the new species Xenophyvirus mathesonense for hemipteran arli-related virus OKIAV95 (HARV-95) discovered by HTS in moss bugs (peloridiid Xenophyes metoponcus Burckhardt, 2011) sampled in Lake Matheson, South Island Westland District, New Zealand [27].
Family Mymonaviridae
Genus Auricularimonavirus was expanded by one new species, Auricularimonavirus bondarzewiae, for Bondarzewia berkeleyi negative-strand RNA virus 1 (BbNSRV-1) discovered by HTS in stump blossoms (bondarzewiaceaen Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer (1941)) [65] (TaxoProp 2021.041M.R.Mymonaviridae_5nsp).
Genus Botrytimonavirus was expanded by one new species, Botrytimonavirus alphabotrytidis, for Botrytis cinerea negative-stranded RNA virus 5 (BcNSRV-5) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 10 (SsNSRV-10) discovered in metatranscriptomes of sclerotiniaceaen fungi (Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884) sampled in Italy/Spain and China, respectively) [26, 53] (TaxoProp 2021.041M.R.Mymonaviridae_5nsp). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 11 (SsNSRV-11) discovered in a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884) metatranscriptome dataset [26] was assigned to the already established species Botrytimonavirus botrytidis (TaxoProp 2021.041M.R.Mymonaviridae_5nsp).
Genus Sclerotimonavirus was expanded by three new species (TaxoProp 2021.041M.R.Mymonaviridae_5nsp):
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Sclerotimonavirus alphabotrytidis for Botrytis cinerea negative-stranded RNA virus 3 (BcNSRV-3) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 9 (SsNSRV-9) discovered in metatranscriptomes of sclerotiniaceaen fungi (Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884) sampled in Italy/Spain and China, respectively) [26, 53];
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Sclerotimonavirus betabotrytidis for Botrytis cinerea negative-stranded RNA virus 4 (BcNSRV-4), discovered in the metatranscriptome of a sclerotiniaceaen fungus (Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794)) sampled in Italy/Spain [53]; and
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Sclerotimonavirus cryphonectriae for Cryphonectria parasitica sclerotimonavirus 1 (CpSV-1), discovered by HTS in a cryphonectriaceaen fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr (1978)) sampled in Azerbaijan [18].
Family Nyamiviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.020M.R.Nyamiviridae_sprename).
Genus Formivirus was expanded by one new species, Formivirus solenopsi, for Solenopsis invicta virus 15 (SoINV-15) identified in the transcriptome of red fire ants (myrmicine Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972) sampled in the US and Taiwan [77] (TaxoProp 2021.019M.R.Nyamiviridae_3nsp).
Genus Nyavirus was expanded by two new species (TaxoProp 2021.019M.R.Nyamiviridae_3nsp):
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Nyavirus argatis, for Sekira virus (SEKRV) identified in the RNA virome of a pool of ticks (argasid Argas japonicus Yamaguti, Clifford and Tipton, 1968) sampled in Mishima (三島市), Shizuoka Prefecture (静岡県), Japan [28]; and
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Nyavirus somateriae for Jeremy Point nyavirus (JPNV) identified in the spleen of a common eider (anatid Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected at Jeremy Point, Massachusetts, USA, in 2013 (unpublished; GenBank: MN045233).
Family Paramyxoviridae
Genus Jeilongvirus was expanded by eight new species (TaxoProp: 2021.014M.R.Jeilongvirus_8nsp):
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Jeilongvirus anhuiense for Miniopterus schreibersii paramyxovirus (MisPV) discovered by HTS in Schreibers’s long-fingered bats (miniopterid Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)) sampled in China [75];
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Jeilongvirus apodemi for rodent paramyxovirus (RoPV) discovered by HTS in a Korean field mouse (murid Apodemus peninsulae (Thomas, 1907)) sampled in China [76];
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Jeilongvirus comorosense for bat paramyxovirus 16797 (BatPV-1) identified in a Comoran long-fingered bat (miniopterid Miniopterus griveaudi Harrison, 1959) sampled in Comoros (unpublished; GenBank: MG203877);
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Jeilongvirus erinacei for belerina virus (BeV) discovered by HTS in West European hedgehogs (erinaceid Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Belgium [66];
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Jeilongvirus felis for feline paramyxovirus (FPaV) identified in domestic cats (feline Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Germany [55, 61];
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Jeilongvirus madagascarense for bat paramyxovirus 17770 (BatPV-2) identified in a Comoran long-fingered bat (miniopterid Miniopterus griveaudi Harrison, 1959) sampled in Madagascar (unpublished; GenBank: MG203878);
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Jeilongvirus murinae for bat paramyxovirus (BatPV-3) identified in a greater tube-nosed bat (vespertilionid Murina leucogaster (Milne-Edwards, 1872) sampled in China [75]; and
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Jeilongvirus rungweense for ruloma virus (RulV) detected by HTS in a Machangu’s brush-furred rat (murid Lophuromys machangui Verheyen, Hulselmans, Dierckx, Mulungu, Leirs, Corti & Verheyen, 2007) sampled in Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania [67].
Family Rhabdoviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProps 2021.036M.R.Rhabdoviridae_sprename, 2021.042M.R.Corrections_Riboviria_Duplodnaviria, and 2021.043M.R.Corrections_Mononegavirales_Bunyavirales).
Five new genera were created and included in the subfamily Alpharhabdovirinae:
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genus Amplylivirus, including one novel species, Amplylivirus cinereus, for frog lyssa-like virus 1 (FLLV-1) detected in an American green tree frog (hylid Dryophytes cinereus (Schneider, 1799)) (unpublished; GenBank: MK473367) (2021.035M.R.Rhabdoviridae_2ngen_2nsp);
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genus Cetarhavirus for two new species (2021.003M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_3ngen_7nsp):
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Cetarhavirus laganorhynchus for dolphin rhabdovirus (DRV) isolated from a white-beaked dolphin (delphinid Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846)) sampled in Schiermonnikoog, Friesland, Holland [45]; and
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Cetarhavirus phocoena for harbour porpoise rhabdovirus (HPRV) isolated from a harbour porpoise (phocoenid Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)) stranded off the coast of Alaska [15];
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genus Replylivirus, including one novel species, Replylivirus allogus, for anole lyssa-like virus 1 (ALLV-1) identified in RNAseq data from a Spanish flag anole (dactyloid Anolis allogus Barbour & Ramsden, 1919) [22] (2021.035M.R.Rhabdoviridae_2ngen_2nsp);
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genus Siniperhavirus for two new species (2021.003M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_3ngen_7nsp):
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Siniperhavirus chuatsi for Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SRCV) isolated from mandarin fish (sinipercid Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky, 1855)) collected in Guǎngdōng Province (广东省), China [86, 87]; Chinese rice-field eel rhabdovirus (CrERV) isolated from Chinese ricefield eels (synbranchid Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793)) sampled in Qiánjiāng (潜江市), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [38]; hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV) isolated from hybrid snakehead (channid Channa maculata × Channa argus) sampled in Fóshān (佛山市), Guǎngdōng Province (广东省), China [80]; and Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) isolated from largemouth bass (centrarchid Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)) sampled in Yúháng (余杭区), Zhèjiāng Province (浙江省), China [40]; and
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Siniperhavirus zoarces for harbour eelpout rhabdovirus (EPRV) detected by HTS in eelpout (zoarcid Zoarces viviparous (Linnaeus, 1758)) near Stockholm, Sweden [2];
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genus Scophrhavirus for two new species (2021.003M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_3ngen_7nsp):
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Scophrhavirus chanodychthys for Wuhan redfin culter dimarhabdovirus (WhRFCRV) detected by high-throughput sequencing in redfin culter (cyprinid Chanodichthys erythropterus (Basilewsky, 1855)) collected in “Húběi Province (湖北省)”, China [58]; and
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Scophrhavirus maximus for Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV) isolated from turbot fish (scophthalmid Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Shāndōng Province (山东省), China [82].
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Genus Alphanucleorhabdovirus was expanded by one new species, Alphanucleorhabdovirus joa, for joa yellow blotch associated virus (JYBaV) identified in joá (solanaceaen Solanum aculeatissimum L.) plants sampled in Manaus, State of Amazonas (Estado de Amazonas), Brazil [11] (TaxoProp 2021.001M.A.v1.Betarhabdovirinae_7nsp).
Genus Betanucleorhabdovirus was expanded by one new species, Betanucleorhabdovirus bacopae, for Bacopa monnieri virus 2 (BmV-2) identified in transcriptomic data of water hyssop (plantaginaceaen Bacopa monnieri L.) tissues sampled in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India [60] (TaxoProp 2021.001M.A.v1.Betarhabdovirinae_7nsp).
Genus Cytorhabdovirus was expanded by five new species (TaxoProp 2021.001M.A.v1.Betarhabdovirinae_7nsp):
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Cytorhabdovirus bacopae for Bacopa monnieri virus 1 (BmV-1) identified in transcriptomic data of water hyssop (plantaginaceaen Bacopa monnieri L.) tissues sampled in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India [60];
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Cytorhabdovirus chrysanthemi for chrysanthemum yellow dwarf associated virus (CYDaV) identified in grey-leaved euryops (asteraceaen Euryops pectinatus (L.) Cass.) plant sampled in Chóngqìng (重庆市), China [37];
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Cytorhabdovirus cucurbitae for cucurbit cytorhabdovirus 1 (CuCV-1) identified in zucchini (cucurbitaceaen Cucurbita pepo L.) plants sampled in Greece [44];
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Cytorhabdovirus broussonetiae for paper mulberry mosaic associated virus (PMuMaV) identified in paper mulberry (moraceaen Broussonetia papyrifera L.) plants sampled in Chóngqìng (重庆市), China [51]; and
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Cytorhabdovirus rosae for rose virus R (RVR), identified in a rose ‘Hugh Dickson’ plant from Maryland, USA [5].
Genus Hapavirus was expanded by two new species (TaxoProp 2021.004M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_13nsp):
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Hapavirus bangoran for Bangoran virus (BGNV) found in mosquitoes (culicid Culex perfuscus Edwards, 1914) sampled in Bangoran, Bamingui-Bangoran Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14]; and
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Hapavirus porton for Porton virus (PORV) found in mosquitoes (culicid Mansonia uniformis (Theobald, 1901)) sampled in Sarawak state, Malaysia [6].
Genus Ledantevirus was expanded by one new species, Ledantevirus taiyi, for Taiyi bat virus (TYBV) found in Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (rhinolophid Rhinolophus sinicus K. Andersen, 1905) sampled in Xiánníng (咸宁市), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [39] (TaxoProp 2021.004M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_13nsp).
Genus Perhabdovirus was expanded by one new species, Perhabdovirus leman, for Leman virus (LeRV) isolated from perch fry sampled from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman), France [47] (TaxoProp 2021.003M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_3ngen_7nsp).
Genus Sunrhavirus was expanded by eight new species (TaxoProp 2021.004M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_13nsp):
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Sunrhavirus sandjimba for Sandjimba virus (SJAV) found in sedge warblers (acrocephalid Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected at the Landjia river, Ombella-M'Poko Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus nasoule for Nasoule virus (NASV) found in little greenbuls (pycnonotid Eurillas virens (Cassin, 1857)) sampled in Nasoule, Mambéré-Kadéi Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus boteke for Boteke virus (BOTV) found in mosquitoes (culicid Coquillettidia maculipennis (Theobald, 1911)) sampled in Boteke, Ombella-M'Poko Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus bimbo for Bimbo virus (BBOV) found in yellow-crowned bishop (ploceid Euplectes afer (Gmelin, 1789)) sampled in Kolongo, Ombella-M'Poko Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus kolongo for Kolongo virus (KOLV) found in yellow-crowned bishop (ploceid Euplectes afer (Gmelin, 1789)) sampled in Bangui, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus ouango for Ouango virus (OUAV) found in black-headed weaves (ploceid Ploceus melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected at the Landjia river, Ombella-M'Poko Prefecture, Central African Republic [6, 14];
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Sunrhavirus alexandria for Burg el Arab virus (BEAV) found in lesser whitethroats (sylviid Curruca curruca (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Borg El Arab/Burj al-'Arab (قسم برج العرب), Alexandria Governorate (محافظة الإسكندرية), Egypt [6]; and
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Sunrhavirus matariya for Matariya virus (MTYV) found in lesser whitethroats (sylviid Curruca curruca (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Port Saïd/Būrsaʿīd (بورسعيد), Port Saïd Governorate (محافظة بورسعيد), Egypt [6].
Genus Vesiculovirus was expanded by two new species (TaxoProp 2021.004M.R.Alpharhabdovirinae_13nsp):
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Vesiculovirus mediterranean for Mediterranean bat virus (MBV) found in bats sampled in Algeria, Morocco, and Spain (unpublished; GenBank: MW557331); and
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Vesiculovirus yinshui for Yinshui bat virus (YSBV) found in Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (rhinolophid Rhinolophus sinicus K. Andersen, 1905) sampled in Xiánníng (咸宁市), Húběi Province (湖北省), China [39].
Family Sunviridae
The name of the only species in the family was changed to a binomial as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (2021.037M.R.Sunviridae_sprename).
Family Xinmoviridae
Family Xinmoviridae was thoroughly revised (2021.039M.R.Xinmoviridae_11ngen_8nsp):
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in the genus Anphevirus, the species Shuangao anphevirus was abolished, and the species Xincheng anphevirus was renamed Anphevirus xinchengense. Species Dipteran anphevirus, Odonate anphevirus, Drosophilid anphevirus, Bolahun anphevirus, and Orthopteran anphevirus were renamed Alasvirus muscae, Draselvirus dentati, Drunivirus chambonense, Gambievirus bolahunense, and Hoptevirus orthopteris, respectively, and moved into the newly created genera Alasvirus, Draselvirus, Drunivirus, Gambievirus, and Hoptevirus, respectively;
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genus Doupovirus was created to include the new species Doupovirus australiaense for Culex mononega-like virus 2 (CMLV-2) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Culex australicus Dobrotworsky & Drummond, 1953) sampled in Point Douro, Western Australia, Australia [57];
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genus Gambievirus was created to include the new species Gambievirus senegalense for Gambie virus (GAMV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902) sampled in Senegal [17];
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genus Gylbovirus was created to include new species Gylbovirus aagae for Aedes anphevirus (AeAV) discovered by HTS in yellow fever mosquitoes (culicid Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist, 1762)) and the Aag2 Aedes albopictus cell line [10, 48];
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genus Madalivirus was created to include two new species:
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Madalivirus amapaense for Anopheles marajoara virus (AnMV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Anopheles marajoara Galvao & Damesceno 1942) sampled in Macapá, Amapá State, Brazil [56]; and
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Madalivirus amazonaense for Anopheles darlingi virus (AnDV) discovered by HTS in American malaria mosquitoes (culicid Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926) sampled in Macapá, Amapá State, and Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil [56];
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genus Pelmivirus was created to include new species Pelmivirus eymattense for hymenopteran anphe-related virus OKIAV71 (HARV-71) discovered by HTS in parasitoid wasps (ichneumonid Heteropelma amictum (Fabricius, 1775)) sampled in Eymatt, Bern, Switzerland [27];
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genus Triniovirus was created to include the new species Triniovirus yonagoense for Culex tritaeniorhynchus anphevirus (CtAV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901) sampled in Yonago (米子市), Tottori Prefecture (鳥取県), Japan [16]; and
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genus Ulegvirus was created for new species Ulegvirus freckenfeldense for odonatan anphe-related virus OKIAV59 (OARV-59) discovered by HTS in golden-ringed dragonflies (cordulegastrid Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan, 1807)) sampled in Freckenfeld, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [27].
Yunchangviricetes
The names of all species in the class were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Taxonomic changes in subphylum Polyploviricotina
Taxonomic changes within order Articulavirales (Polyploviricotina: Insthoviricetes)
Family Amnoonviridae
The name of the only species in the family was changed to a binomial as required by the recently amended International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Family Orthomyxoviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.024M.R.Orthomyxoviridae_sprename).
One new genus, Mykissvirus, was established to include one new species, Mykissvirus tructae, for rainbow trout orthomyxovirus (RbtOV) and steelhead trout orthomyxovirus (SttOV-1) first isolated from commercially reared rainbow trout (salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) in Hagerman Valley, Idaho, USA [4] (TaxoProp 2021.022M.R.Orthomyxoviridae_1ngen_1nsp_Mykiss).
One new genus, Sardinovirus, was established to include one new species, Sardinovirus pilchardi, for pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) first isolated from blue pilchards (clupeid Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842)) sampled off the coast of South Australia and subsequently Tasmania [19, 41] (TaxoProp 2021.023M.R.Orthomyxoviridae_1ngen_1nsp_Sardino).
Genus Quaranjavirus was expanded by four new species (TaxoProp 2021.034M.R.Quaranjavirus_4nsp):
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Quaranjavirus araguariense for Araguari virus (ARAV) isolated from a gray four-eyed opossum (didelphid Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Serra do Navio, Amapá State, Brazil [9, 79];
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Quaranjavirus chadense for Lake Chad virus (LKCV) isolated from a vitelline masked weaver (ploceid Ploceus vitellinus (Lichtenstein, 1823)), sampled at Lake Chad, Nigeria [50];
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Quaranjavirus tyulekense for Tyulek virus (TLKV) isolated from ticks (argasid Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961) sampled near Tûlëk/Tölök (Tюлёк/Tөлөк), Naryn Region (Hapынcкaя oблacть), Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR [85]; and
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Quaranjavirus wellfleetense for Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV) isolated from common eiders (anatid Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA [1].
Genus Thogotovirus was expanded by six new species (TaxoProp 2021.038M.R.Thogotovirus_6nsp):
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Thogotovirus bourbonense for Bourbon virus (BRBV) isolated from a human sampled in Bourbon County, Kansas, USA [30];
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Thogotovirus josense for Jos virus (JOSV) isolated from a zebu (bovid Bos indicus Linnaeus, 1758) and ticks (ixodid Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) and Rhipicephalus decoloratus Koch, 1844)) sampled in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria [36];
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Thogotovirus ozense for Oz virus (OZV) isolated from ticks (ixodid Amblyomma testudinarium Koch, 1844) sampled in Ehime Prefecture (愛媛県), Japan [13];
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Thogotovirus sinuense for Sinu virus (SINUV) isolated from a pool of mosquitoes collected in San Bernardo del Viento, Córdoba Department, Colombia [8];
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Thogotovirus thailandense for Thailand tick thogotovirus (TT-THOV) detected by HTS in ticks (ixodid Boophilus sp.) sampled in Tha Wang Pha District (ท่าวังผา), Nan Province (น่าน), Thailand [63]; and
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Thogotovirus upoluense for Upolu virus (UPOV) isolated from ticks (ixodid Ornithodoros capensis Neumann, 1901) sampled on Upolu Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Australia [12].
Taxonomic changes within order Bunyavirales (Polyploviricotina: Ellioviricetes)
The order Bunyavirales was expanded by two new families (2021.040M.R.Bunyavirales_2nfam_2ngen_6nsp):
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Discoviridae: genus Orthodiscovirus was created for five species:
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o
Orthodiscovirus coniellae for Coniothyrium diplodiella negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (CdNSRV-1) and Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 9, discovered by HTS in an isolate of a fungus (melanconidaceaen Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Petr. & Syd., (1927)) and in plant lesions caused by grapevine downy mildew (peronosporaceaen Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)), respectively [42];
-
o
Orthodiscovirus hispaniae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 8 (PvLAM-LV8) discovered by HTS in plant lesions caused by grapevine downy mildew (peronosporaceaen Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) [7];
-
o
Orthodiscovirus iberiae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mycobunyavirales-like virus 4 (PvLAM-LV4) discovered by HTS in plant lesions caused by grapevine downy mildew (peronosporaceaen Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) [7];
-
o
Orthodiscovirus missouriense for Penicillium discovirus (PDV) discovered by HTS in a fungus (trichocomaceaen Penicillium atramentosum Thom, C. 1910) [31]; and
-
o
Orthodiscovirus penicillii for Penicillium roseopurpureum negative ssRNA virus 1 (PrNssV-1) discovered by HTS in a fungus (trichocomaceaen Penicillium roseopurpureum Dierckx, R.P. 1901) [42].
-
o
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Tulasviridae: genus Orthotulasvirus was created to include one species, Orthotulasvirus tulasnellae, for Tulasnella bunyavirales-like virus 1 (TB-LV) discovered by HTS in an orchid mycorrhizal virome and confirmed to be present in an isolate of an effused fungus (tulasnellaceaen Tulasnella sp.) by full length Sanger sequencing of its cDNA [62].
Family Arenaviridae
Genus Mammarenavirus was expanded by two new species:
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Mammarenavirus bituense for Bitu virus (BITV) detected by HTS in Namaqua micaelamys (Micaelamys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834)) sampled in Angola (TaxoProp 2021.006M.R.Mammarenavirus_1nsp_Bitu) [64]; and
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Mammarenavirus kwanzaense, for Kwanza virus (KWAV) detected by HTS in gray-bellied mice (Mus triton (Thomas, 1909)) sampled in Angola (TaxoProp 2021.007M.R.Mammarenavirus_1nsp_Kwanza) [64].
Family Fimoviridae
The names of all species in the family were changed to binomials as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.013P.R.Fimoviridae_rename).
Genus Emaravirus was expanded by three new species:
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Emaravirus aceris for maple mottle-associated emaravirus (MaMaV) discovered by HTS in maple (sapindaceaen Acer sp.) sampled in Germany (TaxoProp 2021.010P.R.Emaravirus_1ns) [54];
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Emaravirus chrysanthemi for chrysanthemum mosaic-associated emaravirus (ChMaV) discovered by HTS in chrysanthemum (asteraceaen Chrysanthemum morifolium L.) sampled in Japan (TaxoProps 2021.011P.R.Emaravirus_1ns and 2021.043M.R.Corrections_Mononegavirales_Bunyavirales) [32]; and
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Emaravirus quercus for common oak ringspot-associated emaravirus (CORaV) discovered by HTS in oak (fagaceaen Quercus robur L.) sampled in Germany and Scandinavia (TaxoProp 2021.012P.R.Emaravirus_1ns) [52].
Family Hantaviridae
The species name Seewis orhtohantavirus was corrected to Seewis orthohantavirus (TaxoProp 2021.042M.R.Corrections_Riboviria_Duplodnaviria).
The species name Thottopalayam thottimvirus was corrected to Thottapalayam thottimvirus (TaxoProp 2021.042M.R.Corrections_Riboviria_Duplodnaviria).
Family Leishbuviridae
The name of the only species in the family was changed to a binomial as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Family Mypoviridae
The name of the only species in the family was changed to a binomial as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Family Peribunyaviridae
Family Peribunyaviridae was expanded by three new genera (TaxoProp 2021.027M.R.Peribunyaviridae_3ngen_3nsp):
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Khurdivirus, including one new species, Khurdivirus volgaense, for Khurdun virus (KHURV) isolated from a Eurasian coot (rallid Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Astrakhan Region (Acтpaxaнcкaя oблacть), Russia [83, 84];
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Lakivirus, including one new species, Lakivirus lakamhaense, for Lakamha virus (LAKV) discovered by HTS in a mosquito (culicid Wyeomyia complosa (Dyar, 1928)) sampled in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico [29]; and
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Lambavirus, including one new species, Lambavirus wisconsinense, for largemouth bass bunyavirus (LBBV) discovered by HTS in largemouth bass (centrarchid Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)) sampled in the upper Mississippi River, Wisconsin, USA [71].
The species name Lumbo orthbunyavirus was corrected to Lumbo orthobunyavirus (TaxoProp 2021.042M.R.Corrections_Riboviria_Duplodnaviria).
Family Phasmaviridae
The family was expanded by one new genus, Cicadellivirus, to include one new species, Cicadellivirus scaphoidei, for Scaphoideus titanus bunya-like virus 1 (StHV) (TaxoProp 2021.030M.R.Phasmaviridae_1ngen_5nsp) [46].
Genus Orthophasmavirus was expanded by four new species (TaxoProps 2021.030M.R.Phasmaviridae_1ngen_5nsp and 2021.043M.R.Corrections_Mononegavirales_Bunyavirales):
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Orthophasmavirus coredoense for Coredo virus (CORV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Mansonia titillans (Walker, 1848)) sampled in Colombia (unpublished; GenBank: MN661021–3);
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Orthophasmavirus barstukasense for Barstukas virus (BARV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Aedes sp.) sampled in California, USA [3];
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Orthophasmavirus miglotasense for Miglotas virus (MIGV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Aedes sp. and Culex sp.) sampled in California, USA [3]; and
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Orthophasmavirus flenense for Flen virus (FLNV) discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (culicid Aedes cantans (Meigen, 1818)) sampled in Flen, Södermanland County (Södermanlands län), Sweden [43].
Family Wupedeviridae
The name of the only species in the family was changed to a binomial as required by the recently amended ICVCN [25, 69, 81] (TaxoProp 2021.018M.R.Negarnaviricota_sprename).
Summary
A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the phylum Negarnaviricota is presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and in the form of two posters (Supplementary Figure 1).
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Acknowledgements
Members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV):
Arenaviridae (Jens H. Kuhn; Michael J. Buchmeier; Rémi N. Charrel; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Stephan Günther; Jussi Hepojoki; Igor S. Lukashevich; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Víctor Romanowski; Manuela Sironi; Mark D. Stenglein);
Artoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Nikos Vasilakis (Νίκος Βασιλάκης); Gongyin Ye (叶恭银); Arnfinn Lodden Økland);
Aspiviridae (Elena Dal Bó; Selma Gago-Zachert; María Laura García; Tomohide Natsuaki (夏秋知英); José A. Navarro; Yutaro Neriya (煉谷裕太朗); John Hammond; Vicente Pallás; Carina A. Reyes; Takahide Sasaya (笹谷孝英); Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Anna Maria Vaira; Martin Verbeek);
Bornaviridae (Jens H. Kuhn; Thomas Briese; Ralf Dürrwald; Masayuki Horie (堀江真行); Timothy H. Hyndman; Norbert Nowotny; Florian Pfaff; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Keizō Tomonaga (朝長啓造);
Ellioviricetes (Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Michele Digiaro; Holly R. Hughes; Sandra Junglen; Amy J. Lambert; Piet Maes; Marco Marklewitz; Gustavo Palacios; Takahide Sasaya (笹谷孝英); Massimo Turina; Yong-Zhen Zhang (张永振));
Filoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Nadine Biedenkopf; Alexander Bukreyev; Kartik Chandran; Nicholas Di Paola; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Anthony Griffiths; Adam J. Hume; Elke Mühlberger; Sergey V. Netesov (Heтёcoв Cepгeй Bиктopoвич); Gustavo Palacios; Janusz T. Pawęska; Sophie Smither; Ayato Takada (高田礼人); Victoria Wahl);
Fimoviridae (Michele Digiaro; Toufic Elbeaino; Kenji Kubota (久保田健嗣); Francisco M. Ochoa-Corona; Susanne von Bargen);
Hantaviridae (Steven B. Bradfute; Charles H. Calisher; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Lies Laenen; Piet Maes; Nicole D. Tischler);
Jingchuvirales (Jens H. Kuhn; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Nicholas Di Paola; Sandra Junglen; Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου); Mang Shi (施莽));
Lispiviridae (Jun-Min Li (李俊敏); Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου); Gongyin Ye (叶恭银));
Monjiviricetes (Jens H. Kuhn; Nicholas Di Paola; Ralf G. Dietzgen; W. Paul Duprex; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Timothy H. Hyndman; Dàohóng Jiāng (姜道宏); Piet Maes; Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου); Janusz T. Pawęska; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Peter J. Walker; Yong-Zhen Zhang (张永振));
Mymonaviridae (María A. Ayllón; Dàohóng Jiāng (姜道宏); Hideki Kondō (近藤秀樹); Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Massimo Turina);
Nairoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Sergey V. Alkhovsky (Aльxoвcкий Cepгeй Bлaдимиpoвич), Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Éric Bergeron; Felicity Burt; Koray Ergünay; Aura R. Garrison; Marco Marklewitz; Ali Mirazimi; Gustavo Palacios; Anna Papa (Άννα Παπά); Janusz T. Pawęska; Jessica R. Spengler);
Negarnaviricota (Jens H. Kuhn; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Yuri I. Wolf);
Nyamiviridae (Jens H. Kuhn; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Andrew E. Firth; Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου); Nikos Vasilakis (Νίκος Βασιλάκης));
Orthomyxoviridae (Justin Bahl; Inmaculada Casas; Adolfo García-Sastre; Seiji Hongō (本郷誠治); Sergio H. Marshall; John W. McCauley; Gabriele Neumann; Colin R. Parrish; Daniel R. Pérez; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Martin Schwemmle);
Paramyxoviridae (Anne Balkema-Buschmann; J. Felix Drexler; W. Paul Duprex; Piet Maes; Richard K. Plemper; Bert Vanmechelen);
Peribunyaviridae (Sergey V. Alkhovsky (Aльxoвcкий Cepгeй Bлaдимиpoвич); Martin Beer; Carol D. Blair; Charles H. Calisher; William M. de Souza; Holly R. Hughes; Amy J. Lambert; Marco Marklewitz);
Phasmaviridae (Matthew J. Ballinger; Michael A. Drebot; Sandra Junglen; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa);
Phenuiviridae (Thomas Briese; Francesco Di Serio; Martin H. Groschup; Gilda B. Jonson; Yutaro Neriya (煉谷裕太朗; Gustavo Palacios; Takahide Sasaya (笹谷孝英); Jin-Won Song (송진원)); Yasuhiro Tomitaka (冨髙保弘));
Pneumoviridae (Paul A. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Rik L. de Swart; J. Felix Drexler; W. Paul Duprex; Andrew J. Easton; Jiànróng Lǐ (李建荣); Kirsten Spann; Natalie J. Thornburg; Bernadette van den Hoogen; John V. Williams);
Rhabdoviridae (Nicolas Bejerman; Kim R. Blasdell; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Anthony R. Fooks; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Hideki Kondō (近藤秀樹); Ivan V. Kuzmin; Pedro L. Ramos-González; Mang Shi (施莽); Robert B. Tesh; Noël Tordo; Nikos Vasilakis (Νίκος Βασιλάκης); Peter J. Walker; Anna E. Whitfield);
Sunviridae (Jens H. Kuhn; Timothy H. Hyndman);
Tospoviridae (Scott Adkins; Holly R. Hughes; Rayapati Naidu; Renato O. Resende; Massimo Turina; Anna E. Whitfield);
Xinmoviridae (Guozhong Feng (冯国忠); Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου); Stephen Sharpe) Study Groups.
2020–2023 ICTV Chair of the Animal dsRNA and ssRNA- Viruses Subcommittee (Jens H. Kuhn); 2020–2023 ICTV Chair of the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee (Mart Krupovic); 2020–2023 ICTV Chair of the Plant Viruses Subcommittee (Luisa Rubino); 2020–2023 ICTV Chair Fungal and Protist Viruses Subcommittee (Sead Sabanadzovic); and ICTV Proposal Secretary (Peter J. Walker)
Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Ellioviricetes, Filoviridae, and Negarnaviricota Study Groups (Jens H. Kuhn); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Tospoviridae Study Group (Scott Adkins); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Arenaviridae Study Group (Juan Carlos de la Torre); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Jingchuvirales Study Group (Nicholas Di Paola); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Artoviridae and Nyamiviridae Study Groups (Ralf G. Dietzgen); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Fimoviridae Study Group (Michele Digiaro); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Pneumoviridae Study Group (W. Paul Duprex); Co-Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group (Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Peter J. Walker); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Orthomyxoviridae Study Group (Adolfo García-Sastre); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Peribunyaviridae Study Group (Holly R. Hughes); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Sunviridae Study Group (Timothy H. Hyndman); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Mymonaviridae Study Group (Dàohóng Jiāng (姜道宏)); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Phasmaviridae Study Group (Sandra Junglen); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Hantaviridae, Monjiviricetes, and Paramyxoviridae Study Groups (Piet Maes); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Nairoviridae Study Group (Gustavo Palacios); Co-Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Phenuiviridae Study Group (Gustavo Palacios; Takahide Sasaya (笹谷孝英)); Resigned Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Paramyxoviridae Study Group (Richard K. Plemper); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Lispiviridae and Xinmoviridae Study Groups (Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου)); Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Bornaviridae Study Group (Dennis Rubbenstroth); and Chair of the 2020–2023 ICTV Aspiviridae Study Group (Anna Maria Vaira).
Funding
This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1021494.
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Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Alkhovsky, S.V. et al. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Arch Virol 167, 2857–2906 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05546-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05546-z