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Major zircon megacryst suites of the Indo-Pacific lithospheric margin (ZIP) and their petrogenetic and regional implications

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Abstract

Zircon megacrysts (± gem corundum) appear in basalt fields of Indo-Pacific origin over a 12,000 km zone (ZIP) along West Pacific continental margins. Age-dating, trace element, oxygen and hafnium isotope studies on representative zircons (East Australia–Asia) indicate diverse magmatic sources. The U–Pb (249 to 1 Ma) and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages (65 to 1 Ma) suggest thermal annealing during later basalt transport, with < 1 to 203 Ma gaps between the U–Pb and ZFT ages. Magmatic growth zonation and Zr/Hf ratios (0.01–0.02) suggest alkaline magmatic sources, while Ti—in—zircon thermometry suggests that most zircons crystallized within ranges between 550 and 830 °C. Chondrite-normalised multi-element plots show variable enrichment patterns, mostly without marked Eu depletion, indicating little plagioclase fractionation in source melts. Key elements and ratios matched against zircons from magmatic rocks suggest a range of ultramafic to felsic source melts. Zircon O-isotope ratios (δ18O in the range 4 to 11‰) and initial Hf isotope ratios (εHf in the range +2 to +14) encompass ranges for both mantle and crustal melts. Calculated Depleted Mantle (TDM 0.03–0.56 Ga) and Crustal Residence (0.20–1.02 Ga) model ages suggest several mantle events, continental break-ups (Rodinia and Gondwana) and convergent margin collisions left imprints in the zircon source melts. East Australian ZIP sites reflect prolonged intraplate magmatism (~85 Ma), often during times of fast-migrating lithosphere. In contrast, East Asian-Russian ZIP sites reflect later basaltic magmatism (<40 Ma), often linked to episodes of back-arc rifting and spreading, slow-migrating lithosphere and slab subduction.

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Acknowledgments

This zircon megacryst (ZIP) study is dedicated to Rex Prider, former Professor of Geology, University of Western Australia, for his pioneer studies on lamproitic rock suites in Australia.

The project was supported by Australian Museum Geodiversity Research Centre funding, SEM imaging was facilitated by Sue Lindsay, Australian Museum, SHRIMP age dating and LA-ICP-MS facilities at Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, assisted by Chuck Magee, Charlotte Allen and Steve Eggins, ZFT dating guided by Paul Green, Geotrack International, Melbourne, EMP analyses at School of Sciences, University of Western Sydney, guided by Adam McKinnon, and Hf-Lu isotope analytical facilities at Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne. Ion-microprobe O isotope analysis used facilities in Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lorráine, Nancy, France. Data calculations were assisted by Elena Belousova, Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, and plate motion reconstructions for East Australia and East Asia benefitted from support by Sabin Zaharovic, Maria Seton and Dietmar Müller, EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney.

Sampling at Yarrowitch, New South Wales, was assisted by Ray Andrews and Joe Terp, at Central-Western Victoria by Julian Hollis, and from Primore deposits, Russia, by Alexander Khanchuk and Sergei Vysotskiy, Far East Geological Institute, Vladivostok. Zircons in the Australian Museum collections were provided by Ross Pogson, Collection Manager, from Ban Huai Sai, Laos and Khao Wau, Thailand, by Robert Coenraads, Sydney, George Bosshart, Gübelin Lab, Lucerne, Switzerland and Ponsong Vichit, Bangkok, Thailand.

Script and figure preparation assistance involved Roger Springthorpe, Australian Museum, Francesca Kelly, Sydney and Jacqueline Timms, University of Western Sydney. Early drafts of the paper were read by Sebastien Meffre, Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania and Larry Barron, University of New South Wales, Sydney. Further constructive comments came from Richard Hinton, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh and Elena Belousova, Earth Sciences, Macquarie University. Three anonymous reviewers provided constructive improvements to the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geoscience, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Lin Sutherland & Ian Graham

  2. School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW, 1797, Australia

    Lin Sutherland

  3. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Ian Graham

  4. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia

    Gregory Yaxley & Richard Armstrong

  5. Université de Lorraine, CRPG UMR 7358 CNRS-UL, BP20, 54501, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

    Gaston Giuliani

  6. Far East Geological Institute, 159, PR. 100-LET, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia

    Victor Nechaev

  7. Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukanova Str, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia

    Victor Nechaev

  8. Department of Geology, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia

    Paul Hoskin

  9. School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Jon Woodhead

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Sutherland, L., Graham, I., Yaxley, G. et al. Major zircon megacryst suites of the Indo-Pacific lithospheric margin (ZIP) and their petrogenetic and regional implications. Miner Petrol 110, 399–420 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-015-0421-3

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