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Origin of complex zoning in olivine from diverse, diamondiferous kimberlites and tectonic settings: Ekati (Canada), Alto Paranaiba (Brazil) and Kaalvallei (South Africa)

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Abstract

Olivine in kimberlites can provide unique insights into magma petrogenesis, because it is the most abundant xenocrystic phase and a stable magmatic product over most of the liquid line of descent. In this study we examined the petrography and chemistry of olivine in kimberlites from different tectonic settings, including the Slave craton, Canada (Ekati: Grizzly, Koala), the Brasilia mobile belt (Limpeza-18, Tres Ranchos-04), and the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa (Kaalvallei: Samada, New Robinson). Olivine cores display a wide range of compositions (e.g., Mg# = 78–95). The similarity in olivine composition, resorption of core zones and inclusions of mantle-derived phases, indicates that most olivine cores originated from the disaggregation of mantle peridotites, including kimberlite-metasomatised lithologies (i.e. sheared lherzolites and megacrysts). Olivine rims typically show a restricted range of Mg#, with decreasing Ni and increasing Mn and Ca contents, a characteristic of kimberlitic olivine worldwide. The rims host inclusions of groundmass minerals, which implies crystallisation just before and/or during emplacement. There is a direct correlation between olivine rim composition and groundmass mineralogy, whereby high Mg/Fe rims are associated with carbonate-rich kimberlites, and lower Mg/Fe rims are correlated with increased phlogopite and Fe-bearing oxide mineral abundances. There are no differences in olivine composition between explosive (Grizzly) and hypabyssal (Koala) kimberlites. Olivine in kimberlites also displays transitional zones and less common internal zones, between cores and rims. The diffuse transitional zones exhibit intermediate compositions between cores and rims, attributed to partial re-equilibration of xenocrystic cores with the ascending kimberlite melt. In contrast, internal zones form discrete layers with resorbed margins and restricted Mg# values, but variable Ni, Mn and Ca concentrations, which indicates a discrete crystallization event from precursor kimberlite melts at mantle depths. Overall, olivine exhibits broadly analogous zoning in kimberlites worldwide. Variable compositions for individual zones relate to different parental melt compositions rather than variations in tectonic setting or emplacement mechanism.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge provision of samples from the Ekati mine by BHP Billiton, and permission obtained from Dominion Diamond Mines ULC to publish our results. Samples from Limpeza-18, Tres Ranchos-04, and Samada were generously provided by the De Beers Group, while the New Robinson kimberlite was sourced in the John J. Gurney Upper Mantle Room Collection housed at the University of Cape Town. We would like to thank Graham Hutchinson for his aid with SEM and EPMA analyses at the University of Melbourne. Thoughtful reviews by Nick Arndt and Curtis Brett and the editorial handling by Phil Janney and Lutz Nasdala improved the final manuscript. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council through a Discovery Early Career Research Award (DECRA) to AG (grant n. DE-150100009). This is publication 32 from the Kimberlites and Diamonds Research Group at the University of Melbourne, also listed as contribution 1173 from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and 1234 from the GEMOC Key Centre.

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  1. KiDs (Kimberlites and Diamonds), School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Emilie Lim, Andrea Giuliani & David Phillips

  2. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and National Key Centre for Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents (GEMOC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Andrea Giuliani

  3. Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Karsten Goemann

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  1. Emilie Lim
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Lim, E., Giuliani, A., Phillips, D. et al. Origin of complex zoning in olivine from diverse, diamondiferous kimberlites and tectonic settings: Ekati (Canada), Alto Paranaiba (Brazil) and Kaalvallei (South Africa). Miner Petrol 112 (Suppl 2), 539–554 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0607-6

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