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Emerging role of exosomes in hematological malignancies

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Abstract

Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms in the blood characterized by dysregulated hematopoiesis and classified as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. The occurrence and progression of hematological malignancies depend on transformed hematopoietic stem cells, which refract to chemotherapy and often cause relapse. In recent years, monoclonal antibody therapies are preferred for hematopoietic cancers, owing to their inherent mechanisms of action and improved outcomes. However, efficient drug delivery methods and the establishment of novel biomarkers are currently being investigated and warranted to improve the outcome of patients with hematological malignancies. For instance, non-viral-mediated, natural carriers have been suggested for latent intracellular drug delivery. In this purview, repurposing small vesicles (e.g., exosomes) is considered a latent approach for myeloma therapy. Exosomes (nano-vesicles) have many advantages in that they are secreted by various animals and plants and become sought after for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The size of the cellular membrane of exosomes (30–150 nm) facilitates ligand binding and targeted delivery of the loaded molecules. Furthermore, exosomes can be modified to express specific target moiety on their cell membrane and can also be featured with desired biological activity, thereby potentially employed for various convoluted diseases, including hematological malignancies. To advance the current knowledge, this review is focused on the source, composition, function and surface engineering of exosomes pertaining to hematological malignancies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Devaraj Sankarganesh, Scientist-D and Head, Center for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600119, Tamilnadu, India, for critically evaluating the manuscript and providing suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India

    Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian & Selvaraj Kunjiappan

  2. School of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India

    Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar

  3. Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland

    Ewa Babkiewicz & Piotr Maszczyk

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  1. Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by KK Vijayakumar, S Kunjiappan, E Babkiewicz, P Maszczyk. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SRK Pandian and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian.

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Pandian, S.R.K., Vijayakumar, K.K., Kunjiappan, S. et al. Emerging role of exosomes in hematological malignancies. Clin Exp Med 23, 1123–1136 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00850-z

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