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Efficacy of LED-enhanced blue sticky traps combined with the synthetic lure Lurem-TR for trapping of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

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Abstract

Pest monitoring is an important tool for successful integrated pest management programmes. Blue sticky traps are important for monitoring western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in greenhouses. However, blue sticky traps have three major weak points: (1) efficacy depends on reflection of light, which varies in intensity with fluctuating light conditions (season, diurnal rhythmic pattern), (2) they reflect broad wavelength pattern not optimally matching with maximum sensitivity of WFT photoreceptors, and (3) they offer no olfactory cues which are important for thrips orientation. This study explored the most attractive wavelength range for WFT using broad range of narrow-bandwidth light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in order to improve the attractiveness of blue sticky traps. Subsequently, trapping efficacy of the most attractive blue LED in combination with blue sticky trap and addition of an attractive lure (Lurem-TR) was evaluated in flight cages under greenhouse conditions. Release-capture studies revealed that LEDs with peak emission of 445 nm were clearly more effective than conventional blue sticky traps. In choice experiments, up to 2.7-fold and in no-choice experiment up to 2.1-fold more WFT were captured by LED-blue sticky traps compared to conventional reflecting blue sticky traps. Lurem-TR improved the performance of blue sticky traps and LED-blue sticky traps 2.3-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively, as compared to those without Lurem-TR. The addition of LEDs and kairomone lure to blue sticky traps seems promising for improving WFT trapping, specifically at low population densities especially during early infestation. However, these results should be further validated under more complex, large field conditions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Frank Schaarschmidt for the statistical advice. The study was supported by a Grant from the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst-DAAD). The authors appreciate the critical and constructive comments of the two anonymous reviewers that significantly improved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jacinter A. Otieno.

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None of the authors declared conflict of interest; none of the co-authors has running employment or work contracts with the manufacturers of the commercial products used. Donors of the research did not participate in the design of the experiments and manufacturers of commercial products used or their competitors did not participate in the design, execution or analysis or reporting of any of the experiments.

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The research did not involve any human and/or animal participant, and insects are not included in the ethical consideration in Germany. The use of living animals was done with due respect to life.

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Communicated by P. G. Becher.

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10340_2018_1005_MOESM1_ESM.eps

Photoeclector used to trap emerging adult western flower thrips from the pupation site. (a) Eppendorf tube with hole in cap, (b) pipette tip with cut of end, (c) inverted plastic pot with gauze covered ventilation holes, (d) plastic pot with substrate and WFT pupae (EPS 44 kb)

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Otieno, J.A., Stukenberg, N., Weller, J. et al. Efficacy of LED-enhanced blue sticky traps combined with the synthetic lure Lurem-TR for trapping of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). J Pest Sci 91, 1301–1314 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1005-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1005-x

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