Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Geographical and interspecific variation in susceptibility of three common thrips species to the insecticide, spinetoram

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Pest Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Different species of thrips can occur in the same location and on the same plant. However, variation among dominant thrips species in their susceptibility to insecticide remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips palmi and Frankliniella intonsa, three common thrips on vegetables, to spinetoram, from 12 geographical areas across China. Thrips palmi showed the lowest susceptibility to spinetoram (LC50 ranged from 0.1192 to 117.6707 mg L−1), while F. intonsa showed the highest susceptibility (LC50 ranged from 0.0044 to 0.6476 mg L−1). Field-evolved resistance to spinetoram was found for T. palmi and F. occidentalis, resulting in 987.17-fold and 323.77-fold differences in toxicity within each of these species, respectively. The Shouguang populations of T. palmi and F. occidentalis had the highest overall levels of resistance, with LC50 values of 117.6707 mg L−1 and 11.4290 mg L−1, respectively. Levels of susceptibility in southern populations of F. intonsa were low compared to northern populations of this species in China. In conclusion, our study highlighted variation in susceptibility of thrips to spinetoram, both among species and among geographical areas. The results should help the implementation of management tactics, and they provide insights into the displacement of thrips species in fields.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bielza P (2008) Insecticide resistance management strategies against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest Manag Sci 64:1131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bielza P, Quinto V, Contreras J, Torne M, Martin A, Espinosa PJ (2007) Resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses of south-eastern Spain. Pest Manag Sci 63:682–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo FJ, Bolckmans K, Belda JE (2012) Biological control-based IPM in sweet pepper greenhouses using Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biocontrol Sci Technol 22:1398–1416

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon RJC, Matthews L, Collins DW (2007) A review of the pest status and control options for Thrips palmi. Crop Prot 26:1089–1098

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao LJ, Wang ZH, Gong YJ, Zhu L, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ (2017) Low genetic diversity but strong population structure reflects multiple introductions of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) into China followed by human-mediated spread. Evol Appl 10:391–401

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J-Y, Gao Y-L, Han D-Y, Li L, Zhang F-P, Niu L-M, Fu Y-G (2018) Species composition and distribution of thrips (Thysanoptera) in mango orchards of China. Anim Biol 68:175–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirozer O, Tyler-Julian K, Funderburk J, Leppla N, Reitz S (2012) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida. Pest Manag Sci 68:1537–1545

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eger J, Stavisky J, Funderburk J (1998) Comparative toxicity of spinosad to Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with notes on a bioassay technique. Fla Entomol 81:547–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa PJ, Bielza P, Contreras J, Lacasa A (2002) Insecticide resistance in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Murcia (south-east Spain). Pest Manag Sci 58:967–971

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funderburk J (2009) Management of the Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in fruiting vegetables. Fla Entomol 92:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Reitz SR (2017) Emerging themes in our understanding of species displacements. Annu Rev Entomol 62:165–183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao YL, Lei ZR, Reitz SR (2012) Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies. Pest Manag Sci 68:1111–1121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gholami Z, Sadeghi A (2016) Management strategies for western flower thrips in vegetable greenhouses in Iran: a review. Plant Protect Sci 52:87–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotte E, Rybak M (2011) Pest control of the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) with proven insecticide resistance in cut flowers in greenhouses. Gesunde Pflanz 62:117–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Herron GA, Gullick G (1998) Insecticide resistance in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Australia. In: Six Australisian applied entomological research conference: pest management-future challenges, pp A164–A170

  • Herron GA, Gunning RV, Cottage EL, Borzatta V, Gobbi C (2014) Spinosad resistance, esterase isoenzymes and temporal synergism in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Australia. Pestic Biochem Phys 114:32–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua NZ (2015) A review of green biological insecticide spinosad and spinetoram. Agrochemicals 54:1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imai T, Maekawa MT (2001) Attractiveness of methyl anthranilate and its related compounds to the flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), T. coloratus Schmutz, T. flavus Schrank and Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl Entomol Zool 36:475–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Immaraju JA, Paine TD, Bethke JA, Robb KL, Newman JP (1992) Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) resistance to insecticides in coastal California greenhouses. J Econ Entomol 85:9–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai A (2001) Population management of Thrips palmi Karny. Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 45:39–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk WDJ, Terry LI (2003) The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agr Forest Entomol 5:301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W-D, Zhang P-J, Zhang J-M, Zhang Z-J, Huang F, Bei Y-W, Lin W-C, Lu Y-B (2015) An evaluation of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) performance on different plant leaves based on life history characteristics. J Insect Sci 15:167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loughner RL, Warnock DF, Cloyd RA (2005) Resistance of greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations of western flower thrips to spinosad. HortScience 40:146–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse JG, Hoddle MS (2006) Invasion biology of thrips. Annu Rev Entomol 51:67–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouden S, Sarmiento KF, Klinkhamer PG, Leiss KA (2017) Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future. Pest Manag Sci 73:813–822

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mound LA (1997) Thrips as crop pests. In: Lewis T (ed) Biological diversity. Cab International, New York, pp 197–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakahara S, Foottit RG (2007) Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an invasive insect in North America. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 109:733–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Northfield TD, Paini DR, Reitz SR, Funderburk JE (2011) Within plant interspecific competition does not limit the highly invasive thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis in Florida. Ecol Entomol 36:181–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Nozawa H, Matsui M, Koyama K (1994) An examination on susceptibility of Thrips palmi Karny to insecticides collected from various places in Japan. Proc Kanto Pl Prot Soc 41:205–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochiai N, Mizuno M, Mimori N, Miyake T, Dekeyser M, Canlas LJ, Takeda M (2007) Toxicity of bifenazate and its principal active metabolite, diazene, to Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus citri and their relative toxicity to the predaceous mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus. Exp Appl Acarol 43:181–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paini DR, Funderburk JE, Reitz SR (2008) Competitive exclusion of a worldwide invasive pest by a native. Quantifying competition between two phytophagous insects on two host plant species. J Anim Ecol 77:184–190

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman T, Spafford H, Broughton S (2012) Use of spinosad and predatory mites for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis in low tunnel-grown strawberry. Entomol Exp Appl 142:258–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz SR (2002) Seasonal and within plant distribution of Frankliniella thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in north Florida tomatoes. Fla Entomol 85:431–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz SR (2009) Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): the making of a pest. Fla Entomol 92:7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz SR, Funderburk J (2012) Management strategies for western flower thrips and the role of insecticides. Intech Open Access Publisher, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz SR, Gao YL, Lei ZR (2011) Thrips: pests of concern to China and the United States. Agr Sci China 10:867–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton AM, Zhao JZ, Nault BA, Plate J, Musser FR, Larentzaki E (2006) Patterns of insecticide resistance in onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in onion fields in New York. J Econ Entomol 99:1798–1804

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sial AA, Brunner JF (2010) Toxicity and residual efficacy of chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, and emamectin benzoate to Obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J Econ Entomol 103:1277–1285

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks TC, Dripps JE, Watson GB, Paroonagian D (2012) Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns and ndash; a review and analysis. Pestic Biochem Phys 102:1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Q, Feng M (2002) DPS data processing system for practical statistics. Science, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Thalavaisundaram S, Herron GA, Clift AD, Rose H (2008) Pyrethroid resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and implications for its management in Australia. Aust J Entomol 47:64–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZH et al (2016) Field-evolved resistance to insecticides in the invasive western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China. Pest Manag Sci 72:1440–1444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss A, Dripps JE, Funderburk J (2009) Assessment of implementation and sustainability of integrated pest management programs. Fla Entomol 92:24–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu S, Tang L, Zhang X, Xing Z, Lei Z, Gao Y (2018) A decade of a thrips invasion in China: lessons learned. Ecotoxicology 27:1032–1038

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Reitz SR, Yuan H, Lei Z, Paini DR, Gao Y (2017) Pesticide-mediated interspecific competition between local and invasive thrips pests. Sci Rep 7:40512

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Ming-Liang Li, Qing-Chao Huang, Zhi-Yuan Zhao and Xiao-Yu Han for their help with the collection of the field populations and Ling Ma, Bing-Yan Li, Ming-Zhu Chen, Yan-Jie Lu, Yue Lu, Xiao-Yan Wang and Xiao-Xue Du for their assistance with the bioassays.

Funding

Funding for this study was provided jointly by the Promotion and Innovation of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (KJCX20180113), Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project (D16110500550000) and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Pest Management on Northern Fruits (BZ0432).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China

    Yong-Fu Gao, Ya-Jun Gong, Li-Jun Cao, Jin-Cui Chen & Shu-Jun Wei

  2. Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China

    Yong-Fu Gao & Min Chen

  3. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China

    Yu-Lin Gao

  4. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, 69315–516, Iran

    Majid Mirab-balou

  5. School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VC, 3010, Australia

    Ary A. Hoffmann

Authors
  1. Yong-Fu Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ya-Jun Gong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Li-Jun Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jin-Cui Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yu-Lin Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Majid Mirab-balou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Min Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ary A. Hoffmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Shu-Jun Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Min Chen or Shu-Jun Wei.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Communicated by S. R. Reitz.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Special Issue on novel management tactics for the Western Flower Thrips.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gao, YF., Gong, YJ., Cao, LJ. et al. Geographical and interspecific variation in susceptibility of three common thrips species to the insecticide, spinetoram. J Pest Sci 94, 93–99 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01128-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01128-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation