Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mental Health Problems Across the HIV Care Continuum for Adolescents Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review

  • Substantive Review
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mental health problems (e.g., anxiety, depression) are frequently experienced by adolescents living with HIV (ALWH) and can worsen HIV-related outcomes. This scoping review synthesizes the existing research on ALWHs’ mental health problems at multiple steps along the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa. Searching PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO identified 34 peer-reviewed studies that met inclusion criteria. Most studies assessed ALWHs’ mental health problems at the “Engaged or Retained in Care” continuum step, are cross-sectional, focus on depression and anxiety, and used measures developed in high-income countries. Studies identify mental health problems among ALWH as prevalent and barriers to care. Significant gaps remain in understanding how mental health problems and their relationships with HIV-related health outcomes shift across the continuum. Additional attention is needed, especially at the HIV testing and viral suppression steps, to generate a more comprehensive understanding of mental health needs and priority timepoints for intervention for ALWH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Parcesepe AM, Bernard C, Agler R, Ross J, Yotebieng M, Bass J, et al. Mental health and HIV: research priorities related to the implementation and scale up of ‘treat all’ in sub-Saharan Africa. J Virus Erad. 2018;4:16–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Brandt R. The mental health of people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: a systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2009;8:123–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chibanda D, Benjamin L, Weiss HA, Abas M. Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2014(67 Suppl 1):S54-67.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Narayan KMV, Miotti PG, Anand NP, Kline LM, Harmston C, Gulakowski R, et al. HIV and noncommunicable disease comorbidities in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a vital agenda for research in low- and middle-income country settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2014(67 Suppl 1):S2-7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sherr L, Clucas C, Harding R, Sibley E, Catalan J. HIV and depression—a systematic review of interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16:493–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ashaba S, Cooper-Vince C, Maling S, Rukundo GZ, Akena D, Tsai AC. Internalized HIV stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and high-risk suicidality among HIV-positive adolescents in rural Uganda. Glob Ment Health. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2018.15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Enane LA, Apondi E, Toromo J, Bosma C, Ngeresa A, Nyandiko W, et al. “A problem shared is half solved”—a qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators to adolescent retention in HIV care in western Kenya. AIDS Care. 2019;32:104–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Woollett N, Cluver L, Bandeira M, Brahmbhatt H. Identifying risks for mental health problems in HIV positive adolescents accessing HIV treatment in Johannesburg. J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;29:11–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bachmann S. Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:1425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. WHO Adolescent Mental Health. [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health.

  11. Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20:359–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Yu X, Devandra A, Nguyen C, Ahmed S, et al. Factors associated with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:264.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Madiba S, Mokgatle M. Perceptions and experiences about self-disclosure of HIV status among adolescents with perinatal acquired HIV in poor-resourced communities in South Africa. AIDS Res Treat. 2016;2016:e2607249.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Vreeman RC, McCoy BM, Lee S. Mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:21497.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Williams S, Renju J, Ghilardi L, Wringe A. Scaling a waterfall: a meta-ethnography of adolescent progression through the stages of HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:21922.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Cluver LD, Sherr L, Toska E, Zhou S, Mellins C-A, Omigbodun O, et al. From surviving to thriving: integrating mental health care into HIV, community, and family services for adolescents living with HIV. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022;6:582–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wood SM, Dowshen N, Lowenthal E. Time to improve the global human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS care continuum for adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:619–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Slogrove AL, Sohn AH. The global epidemiology of adolescents living with HIV: time for more granular data to improve adolescent health outcomes. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2018;13:170–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Laurenzi CA, Skeen S, Gordon S, Akin-Olugbade O, Abrahams N, Bradshaw M, et al. Preventing mental health conditions in adolescents living with HIV: an urgent need for evidence. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23: e25556.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Mellins CA, Malee KM. Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18593.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. WHO Adolescent Health. [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/adolescent-health.

  22. WHO | Very Young Adolescents. WHO. World Health Organization. [cited 2021 Apr 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/adolescence/very_young_ados/en/.

  23. Baggaley RF, Hollingsworth TD. How universal does universal test and treat have to be? Lancet HIV. 2020;7:e306–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. UNAIDS. Ending AIDS: progress towards the 90–90–90 targets. 2017 [cited 2020 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/20170720_Global_AIDS_update_2017.

  25. Garnett GP, Baggaley RF. Treating our way out of the HIV pandemic: could we, would we, should we? Lancet. 2009;373:9–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kay ES, Batey DS, Mugavero MJ. The HIV treatment cascade and care continuum: updates, goals, and recommendations for the future. AIDS Res Ther. 2016;13:35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the HIV care continuum. CDC Fact Sheet. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/factsheets/cdc-hiv-care-continuum.pdf.

  29. HIV Care Continuum. HIV.gov; 2021. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/policies-issues/hiv-aids-care-continuum.

  30. Herce ME, Chi BH, Liao RC, Hoffmann CJ. Re-thinking linkage to care in the era of universal test and treat: insights from implementation and behavioral science for achieving the second 90. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:120–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Yehia BR, Stephens-Shields AJ, Fleishman JA, Berry SA, Agwu AL, Metlay JP, et al. The HIV care continuum: changes over time in retention in care and viral suppression. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0129376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013 [cited 2020 Jan 2]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.

  33. Eaton EF, Gravett RM, Tamhane AR, Mugavero MJ. Antiretroviral therapy initiation and changes in self-reported depression. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:1791–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ross J, Ingabire C, Umwiza F, Gasana J, Munyaneza A, Murenzi G, et al. How early is too early? Challenges in ART initiation and engaging in HIV care under Treat All in Rwanda—a qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16: e0251645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Enane LA, Davies M-A, Leroy V, Edmonds A, Apondi E, Adedimeji A, et al. Traversing the cascade: urgent research priorities for implementing the ‘treat all’ strategy for children and adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. J Virus Erad. 2018;4:40–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Fisal ZAM, Minhat HS, Zulkefli NAM, Ahmad N. Biopsychosocial approach to understanding determinants of depression among men who have sex with men living with HIV: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0264636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne: Veritas Health Innovation; 2022. Available from: www.covidence.org.

  38. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Abubakar A, Van de Vijver FJR, Hassan AS, Fischer R, Nyongesa MK, Kabunda B, et al. Cumulative psychosocial risk is a salient predictor of depressive symptoms among vertically HIV-infected and HIV-affected adolescents at the Kenyan coast. Ann Glob Health. 2017;83:743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Adeyemo S, Olorunkoya OG, Chinelo OL, Babalola G, Abojei CO. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with HIV in Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa. HIV AIDS Rev. 2019;18:273–8.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Betancourt T, Scorza P, Kanyanganzi F, Fawzi MCS, Sezibera V, Cyamatare F, et al. HIV and child mental health: a case–control study in Rwanda. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e464–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Bhana A, Mellins CA, Petersen I, Alicea S, Myeza N, Holst H, et al. The VUKA family program: piloting a family-based psychosocial intervention to promote health and mental health among HIV infected early adolescents in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2014;26:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Boyes ME, Cluver LD, Meinck F, Casale M, Newnham E. Mental health in South African adolescents living with HIV: correlates of internalising and externalising symptoms. AIDS Care. 2019;31:95–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Casale M, Boyes M, Pantelic M, Toska E, Cluver L. Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV: can social support buffer the impact of stigma? J Affect Disord. 2019;245:82–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Enimil A, Nugent N, Amoah C, Norman B, Antwi S, Ocran J, et al. Quality of life among Ghanaian adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV: a mixed methods study. AIDS Care. 2016;28:460–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gentz SG, Romano IC, Martínez-Arias R, Ruiz-Casares M. Predictors of mental health problems in adolescents living with HIV in Namibia. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;22:179–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Yu X, Ahmed S, Paul ME, Kazembe PN, et al. High self-reported non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: barriers and associated factors. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:21437.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Li RJ, Jaspan HB, O’Brien V, Rabie H, Cotton MF, Nattrass N. Positive futures: a qualitative study on the needs of adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2010;22:751–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Louw K-A, Ipser J, Phillips N, Hoare J. Correlates of emotional and behavioural problems in children with perinatally acquired HIV in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2016;28:842–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lyambai K, Mwape L. Mental health problems experienced by HIV positive adolescents; a case of Choma District, Zambia. Open J Psychiatry. 2018;08:97–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Mbalinda SN, Kiwanuka N, Kaye DK, Eriksson LE. Reproductive health and lifestyle factors associated with health-related quality of life among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents in Uganda. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:170.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Menon A, Glazebrook C, Campain N, Ngoma M. Mental health and disclosure of HIV status in Zambian adolescents with HIV infection: implications for peer-support programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:349–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Menon A, Glazebrook C, Ngoma MS. Mental health of HIV positive adolescents in Zambia. Med J Zambia. 2009;36:6.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mutumba M, Musiime V, Lepkwoski JM, Harper GW, Snow RC, Resnicow K, et al. Examining the relationship between psychological distress and adherence to anti-retroviral therapy among Ugandan adolescents living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2016;28:807–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mutumba M, Bauermeister JA, Harper GW, Musiime V, Lepkowski J, Resnicow K, et al. Psychological distress among Ugandan adolescents living with HIV: examining stressors and the buffering role of general and religious coping strategies. Glob Public Health. 2017;12:1479–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nalukenge W, Martin F, Seeley J, Kinyanda E. Knowledge and causal attributions for mental disorders in HIV-positive children and adolescents: results from rural and urban Uganda. Psychol Health Med. 2019;24:21–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Nduwimana E, Mukunzi S, Ng LC, Kirk CM, Bizimana JI, Betancourt TS. Mental health of children living in foster families in rural Rwanda: the role of HIV and the family environment. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:1518–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Ng LC, Kirk CM, Kanyanganzi F, Fawzi MC, Sezibera V, Shema E, et al. Risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation and behaviour in Rwandan children. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2015;207:262–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Okawa S, Kabaghe SM, Mwiya M, Kikuchi K, Jimba M, Kankasa C, et al. Psychological well-being and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents living with HIV in Zambia. AIDS Care. 2018;30:634–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Osok J, Kigamwa P, Stoep AV, Huang K-Y, Kumar M. Depression and its psychosocial risk factors in pregnant Kenyan adolescents: a cross-sectional study in a community health Centre of Nairobi. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:136.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Pantelic M, Boyes M, Cluver L, Meinck F. HIV, violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:21771.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Petersen I, Bhana A, Myeza N, Alicea S, John S, Holst H, et al. Psychosocial challenges and protective influences for socio-emotional coping of HIV+ adolescents in South Africa: a qualitative investigation. AIDS Care. 2010;22:970–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Sherr L, Cluver LD, Toska E, He E. Differing psychological vulnerabilities among behaviourally and perinatally HIV infected adolescents in South Africa—implications for targeted health service provision. AIDS Care. 2018;30:92–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Smith Fawzi MC, Ng L, Kanyanganzi F, Kirk C, Bizimana J, Cyamatare F, et al. Mental health and antiretroviral adherence among youth living with HIV in Rwanda. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20153235–e20153235.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. West N, Schwartz S, Mudavanhu M, Hanrahan C, France H, Nel J, et al. Mental health in South African adolescents living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2019;31:117–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Willis N, Mavhu W, Wogrin C, Mutsinze A, Kagee A. Understanding the experience and manifestation of depression in adolescents living with HIV in Harare, Zimbabwe. PLOS ONE. 2018;13: e0190423.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Coetzee BJ, Loades ME, Du Toit S, Kagee A. Correlates of fatigue among South African adolescents living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:602–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Kagee A, Coetzee B, Toit SD, Loades ME. Psychosocial predictors of quality of life among South Africa adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy. Qual Life Res. 2019;28:57–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kemigisha E, Zanoni B, Bruce K, Menjivar R, Kadengye D, Atwine D, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in South Western Uganda. AIDS Care. 2019;31:1297–303.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Betancourt TS, Yang F, Bolton P, Normand S. Developing an African youth psychosocial assessment: an application of item response theory. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23:142–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Mark D, Hrapcak S, Ameyan W, Lovich R, Ronan A, Schmitz K, et al. Peer support for adolescents and young people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: emerging insights and a methodological agenda. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16:467–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Young people, HIV and AIDS. Avert. 2015 [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/key-affected-populations/young-people.

  73. Michielsen K. Limited effectiveness of HIV prevention for young people in sub-Saharan Africa: studying the role of intervention and evaluation. Facts Views Vis ObGyn. 2013;5:196–208.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Denison JA, Pettifor A, Mofenson LM, Kasedde S, Marcus R, Konayuma KJ, et al. Youth engagement in developing an implementation science research agenda on adolescent HIV testing and care linkages in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Lond Engl. 2017;31:S195-201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Zietz S, Iritani BJ, Otieno FA, Ongili BO, Odongo FS, Rennie S, et al. Suicide behaviour among adolescents in a high HIV prevalence region of western Kenya: a mixed-methods study. Glob Public Health. 2021;16:88–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yang LH, Poku OB, Misra S, Mehta HT, Rampa S, Eisenberg MM, et al. Stigma, structural vulnerability, and “what matters most” among women living with HIV in Botswana, 2017. Am J Public Health. 2021;111:1309–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Misra S, Mehta HT, Eschliman EL, Rampa S, Poku OB, Wang W-Q, et al. Identifying “what matters most” to men in Botswana to promote resistance to HIV-related stigma. Qual Health Res. 2021;31:1680–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Roberts KJ, Smith C, Cluver L, Toska E, Sherr L. Understanding mental health in the context of adolescent pregnancy and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review identifying a critical evidence gap. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2094–107.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. El-Bassel N, Mukherjee TI, Stoicescu C, Starbird LE, Stockman JK, Frye V, et al. Intertwined epidemics: progress, gaps, and opportunities to address intimate partner violence and HIV among key populations of women. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e202–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. UNAIDS. 90-90-90: an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/90-90-90_en.pdf.

  81. Mustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM. Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:2426–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Lall P, Lim SH, Khairuddin N, Kamarulzaman A. Review: an urgent need for research on factors impacting adherence to and retention in care among HIV-positive youth and adolescents from key populations. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:19393.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Mutumba M, Harper GW. Mental health and support among young key populations: an ecological approach to understanding and intervention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:19429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Renee M. Johnson for her feedback on the structure of this paper. We extend a special thanks to Nicole Archibald and Zoe M. Siegel for their assistance with data extraction and formatting. Ohemaa B. Poku and Nora S. West were supported by training Grant T32MH103210 from the National Institute of Mental Health.

Funding

Ohemaa B. Poku and Nora S. West were supported by training Grant T32MH103210 from the National Institute of Mental Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Ohemaa B. Poku, Judith Bass & Sarah M. Murray

  2. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Nora S. West & Caitlin E. Kennedy

  3. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Evan L. Eschliman

  4. Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Derek T. Dangerfield II

Authors
  1. Ohemaa B. Poku
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nora S. West
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Evan L. Eschliman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Derek T. Dangerfield II
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Judith Bass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Caitlin E. Kennedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sarah M. Murray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

CEK conceived of the review and provided input as to the content, and edits to the manuscript. OBP and NSW conducted the research and data extraction. OBP drafted the manuscript. ELE provided substantial input as to content and framing for the manuscript. DTD provided input as to the content as well as feedback on the manuscript. SMM and JB provided substantial input as to the content and conceptualization of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ohemaa B. Poku.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Poku, O.B., West, N.S., Eschliman, E.L. et al. Mental Health Problems Across the HIV Care Continuum for Adolescents Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review. AIDS Behav 27, 2548–2565 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-03981-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-03981-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation