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A Tale of Four States: Factors Influencing the Statewide Adoption of IPS

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Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Evidence-based supported employment has become a core community mental health service in much of the U.S. Although a national learning community has facilitated progress in about half of the states, other states have tried to implement evidence-based supported employment on their own. Many studies have examined site-level factors influencing implementation of supported employment, but few have focused on the role of state agency policies and actions. This study examined four states that have not joined the learning community, comparing two that have implemented with success (adopting states) and two that have faced challenges (non-adopting states). This comparative case study approach compared barriers, facilitators, and strategies in two states adopting IPS to two states that did not. The authors examined quantitative data from public records and conducted content analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from key informant interviews. The two non-adopting states lacked model clarity, funding, focus on people with serious mental illness, and collaboration between state mental health and vocational rehabilitation agencies. The two successful states experienced similar barriers but overcame them following lawsuit settlements that required implementation of evidence-based supported employment. Key strategies for successful implementation were funding, fidelity monitoring, technical assistance, and collaboration between state mental health and vocational rehabilitation agencies. With legal settlements serving as the catalyst, states facing challenges to implementing evidence-based supported employment can achieve success using standard implementation strategies to fund and ensure the quality of services.

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Funding

This study was supported with funding from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), and from the Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NIDILRR grant 90RT5029). NIDILRR is a center within the Administration for Community Living (ACL), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The contents of this report do not necessarily represent the policy of NIDILRR, ACL, HHS, or of SAMHSA and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IPS Employment Center and Westat, Lebanon, NH, USA

    Gary R. Bond, Jacqueline A. Pogue, Sandra Langfitt Reese, Deborah R. Becker & Robert E. Drake

  2. Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Annalee V. Johnson-Kwochka

  3. Westat, Rivermill Commercial Center, 85 Mechanic Street, Suite C-3, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA

    Gary R. Bond

Authors
  1. Gary R. Bond
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  2. Annalee V. Johnson-Kwochka
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  3. Jacqueline A. Pogue
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  4. Sandra Langfitt Reese
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  5. Deborah R. Becker
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  6. Robert E. Drake
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Correspondence to Gary R. Bond.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All research activities involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Bond, G.R., Johnson-Kwochka, A.V., Pogue, J.A. et al. A Tale of Four States: Factors Influencing the Statewide Adoption of IPS. Adm Policy Ment Health 48, 528–538 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01087-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01087-2

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