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Feeding frequency effect on water quality and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei fed extruded and pelleted diets

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Abstract

Feeding strategies have a significant impact on growth and water quality in shrimp farming. Feed management also affects shrimp health, survival, and yields. All these factors contribute to production cost-effectiveness and the commercial shrimp industry sustainability. The effect of feeding frequency and two aquafeed cooking processes (extrusion and pelleting) on shrimp performance and water quality parameters was studied under controlled conditions in a 60-day trial with juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed once (10:00 h); twice (10:00 h, 12:00 h); four (10:00 h, 12:00 h, 15:00 h, 18:00 h) and six (10:00 h, 12:00 h, 15:00 h, 18:00 h, 21:00 h, 24:00 h) times/day frequencies. No statistical differences (p > 0.05) in growth rate, survival or feed efficiency were observed within pelleted feed treatments at any of the frequencies tested. Growth rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) with extruded feed when administered once or twice in daylight (10:00–12:00 h). However, at such frequencies, growth was achieved at the cost of water quality and feed conversion ratio. At higher frequencies (six times a day) with extruded diets, the results in water quality suggest a reduction in total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen levels as frequency increased. The outcomes suggest that extruded feed with daylight feeding has the potential to improve growth rate, and an increased frequency could represent a suitable strategy to preserve water quality. The present research is the first to show that the extrusion process improves water quality; thus, extruded feeds could reduce effluent pollution impact and improve shrimp farming sustainability.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Ecuadorian Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology, and Innovation support for providing the scholarship for Manuel Espinoza (Contract 063-2012). The authors also express their gratitude to Gisis S.A., as well as Libertad Jiménez, Saul Zamora, and Sandra de La Paz Reyes for the technical support during the feeding trial, and Diana Fischer for English language edition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Department, Skretting Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador

    Manuel Espinoza-Ortega & César Molina-Poveda

  2. Research Group of Aquaculture and Biodiversity, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain

    Miguel Jover-Cerdá

  3. Laboratorio de Nutrición Acuícola, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 195 Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, México

    Roberto Civera-Cerecedo

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  1. Manuel Espinoza-Ortega
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Manuel Espinoza-Ortega, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo, Miguel Jover-Cerdá; Methodology: Manuel Espinoza-Ortega, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo, Miguel Jover-Cerdá; Formal analysis: César Molina-Poveda, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo, Miguel Jover-Cerdá; Investigation: Manuel Espinoza-Ortega, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo; Writing - original draft preparation: Manuel Espinoza-Ortega, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo; Writing - review and editing: César Molina-Poveda, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo, Miguel Jover-Cerdá; Supervision: César Molina-Poveda, Roberto Civera-Cerecedo, Miguel Jover-Cerdá. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Roberto Civera-Cerecedo.

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Espinoza-Ortega, M., Molina-Poveda, C., Jover-Cerdá, M. et al. Feeding frequency effect on water quality and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei fed extruded and pelleted diets. Aquacult Int 32, 413–429 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01166-9

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