Abstract
In 2016–17, the Galactic transient black hole candidate GRS 1716-249 exhibited an outburst event after a long quiescence period of almost 23 years. The source remained in the outbursting phase for almost 9 months. We study the spectral and temporal properties of the source during this outburst using archival data from four astronomy satellites, namely MAXI, Swift, NuSTAR and AstroSat. Initial spectral analysis is done using combined disk black body and power-law models. For a better understanding of the accretion flow properties, we studied spectra with the physical two component advective flow (TCAF) model. Accretion flow parameters are extracted directly from the spectral fits with the TCAF model. Low frequency quasi periodic oscillations are also observed in the Swift/XRT and AstroSat/LAXPC data. From the spectral fit, we also estimate the probable mass of GRS 1716-249 to be in the range of 4.50–\(5.93 M_{\odot }\) or \(5.01^{+0.92}_{-0.51} M_{\odot }\). Refitting of all spectra is done by freezing the mass at its average value. An insignificant deviation of the TCAF model parameters is observed. From the nature of the variation of the newly fitted spectral and temporal properties, we find that the source stays in only the harder (hard and hard-intermediate) states during the outburst. It does not make a transition to the softer states which makes it a ‘failed’ outburst.
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Acknowledgements
This work has made use of the archival XRT and BAT data provided by UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester, MAXI GSC data provided by RIKEN, JAXA, and the MAXI team. We have also made use of LAXPC data from Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO’s) successful operation of AstroSat mission. We have used FPMA data from the NuSTAR mission, a project led by Caltech, funded by NASA, and managed by NASA/JPL. We have utilized the NuSTARDAS software package, jointly developed by the ASDC, Italy, and Caltech, USA.
K.C. acknowledges support from DST/INSPIRE Fellowship (IF170233). Research of D.D. and S.K.C. is supported in part by the Higher Education Dept. of the Govt. of West Bengal, India. D.D. and S.K.C. also acknowledge support from DST/GITA sponsored India–Taiwan collaborative project (GITA/DST/TWN/P-76/2017) fund. A.J. acknowledges post-doctoral fellowship of Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, funded by the Department of Space, Government of India. S.N., D.D. and S.K.C. acknowledge partial support from ISRO sponsored RESPOND project (ISRO/RES/2/418/17-18) fund. R.B. acknowledges support from CSIR-UGC NET qualified UGC fellowship (June-2018, 527223).
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Chatterjee, K., Debnath, D., Chatterjee, D. et al. Accretion flow properties of GRS 1716-249 during its 2016–17 ‘failed’ outburst. Astrophys Space Sci 366, 63 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-021-03967-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-021-03967-x