Abstract
Integrated Pest Management of insects includes several control tactics, such as the use of photoselective nets, which may reduce the flight activity of insects. Limiting the dispersal of pests such as aphids and whiteflies is important because of their major role as vectors of plant viruses, while a minor impact on natural enemies is desired. In this study, we examined for the first time the dispersal ability of three vector species, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in cages covered with photoselective nets. Contrary to the results obtained with aphids, the ability of the whitefly B. tabaci, to reach the target plant was reduced by photoselective nets. In a second set of experiments, the impact of UV-absorbing nets on the visual cues of two important predator species, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), was evaluated. The anthocorid was caught in higher numbers in traps placed under regular nets, whereas the mites preferably chose environments in which the UV radiation was attenuated. We have observed a wide range of effects that impedes generalization, although photoselective nets have a positive effect on pest management of whiteflies and aphids under protected environments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antignus Y (2000) Manipulation of wavelength dependent behavior of insects: an IPM tool to impede insects and restrict epidemics of insect-borne viruses. Virus Res 71:213–220
Antignus Y, Lapidot M, Hadar D, Messika Y, Cohen S (1998) Ultraviolet-absorbing screens serve as optical barriers to protect crops from virus and insect pests. J Econ Entomol 91:1401–1405
Antignus Y, Nestel D, Cohen S, Lapidot M (2001) Ultraviolet-deficient greenhouse environment affects attraction and flight behaviour. Environ Entomol 30:394–399
Atakan E, Bayram A (2011) Distributions of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its predatory bug Orius niger (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) assessed by coloured sticky traps and plant samplings in cotton. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 44:1595–1608
Ben-Yakir D, Hadar MD, Offir Y, Chen M, Tregerman M (2008) Protecting crops from pests using OptiNet® and ChromatiNet® shading nets. Acta Hortic 770:205–212
Bosco L, Giacometto E, Tavella L (2008) Colonization and predation of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Orius spp. Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in sweet pepper greenhouses in northwest Italy. Biol Control 44:331–340
Buitenhuis R, Shipp L, Scott-Dupree C (2010) Dispersal of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on potted greenhouse chrysanthemum. Biol Control 52:110–114
Byrne DN, Bellows TS (1991) Whitefly biology. Annu Rev Entomol 36:431–457
Castilla N, Montero JI (2008) Environmental control and crop production in Mediterranean greenhouses. Acta Hortic 797:25–36
Chiel E, Messika Y, Steinberg S, Antignus Y (2006) The effect of UV-absorbing plastic sheet on the attraction and host location ability of three parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, Diglyphus isaea and Eretmocerus mundus. BioControl 51:65–78
Chyzik R, Dobrinin S, Antignus Y (2003) Effect of a UV-deficient environment on the biology and flight activity of Myzus persicae and its hymenopterous parasite Aphidius matricariae. Phytoparasitica 31:467–477
Colomer I, Aguado P, Medina P, Heredia RM, Fereres A, Belda JE, Viñuela E (2011) Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse. Pest Manag Sci 67:1237–1244
Coombe PE (1982) Visual behaviour of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Physiol Entomol 7:243–251
Costa HS, Robb KL (1999) Effects of ultraviolet-absorbing plastic films on flight behaviour of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 92:557–562
Diaz BM, Biurrún R, Moreno A, Nebreda M, Fereres A (2006) Impact of ultraviolet-blocking plastic films on insect vectors of virus diseases infesting crisp lettuce. Hortscience 41:711–716
Doukas D, Payne CC (2007a) The use of ultraviolet-blocking films in insect pest management in the UK, effects on naturally occurring arthropod pest and natural enemy populations in a protected cucumber crop. Ann Appl Biol 151:221–231
Doukas D, Payne CC (2007b) Greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) dispersal under different UV-light environments. J Econ Entomol 100:389–397
Doukas D, Payne CC (2007c) Effects of UV-blocking films on the dispersal behaviour of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). J Econ Entomol 100:110
Fereres A, Kampmeier GE, Irwin ME (1999) Aphid attraction and preference for soybean and pepper plants infected with Potyviridae. Ann Entomol Soc Am 92:542–548
Foster SP, Devine G, Devonshire AL (2007) Insecticide resistance. In: van Emden HF, Harrington R (eds) Aphids as crop pests. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 261–285
Henaut Y, Alauzet C, Dargagnon D, Lambin M (1999) Visual learning in larval Orius majusculus a polyphagous predator. Entomol Exp Appl 90:103–107
Kirchner SM, Döring TF, Saucke H (2005) Evidence for trichromacy in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Insect Physiol 51:1255–1260
Kring JB (1972) Flight behaviour of aphids. Annu Rev Entomol 17:461–492
Kumar P, Poehling HM (2006) UV-blocking plastic films and nets influence vectors and virus transmission on greenhouse tomatoes in the humid tropics. Environ Entomol 35:1069–1082
Legarrea S, Karnieli A, Fereres A, Weintraub PG (2010) Comparison of UV-absorbing nets in pepper crops: spectral properties, effects on plants and pest control. Photochem Photobiol 86:324–330
Margolies DC, Sabelis MW, Boyer JE (1997) Response of a phytoseiid predator to herbivore-induced plant volatiles: selection on attraction and effect on prey exploitation. J Insect Behav 10:695–709
Mochizuki M, Yano E (2007) Olfactory response of the anthocorid predatory bug Orius sauteri to thrips-infested eggplants. Ent Exp Appl 123:57–62
Mound LA (1962) Studies on the olfaction and colour sensitivity of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Ent Exp Appl 5:99–104
Mutwiwa UN, Borgemeister C, Von Elsner B, Tanau HJ (2005) Effects of UV-absorbing plastic films on greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol 98:1221–1228
Ohtsuka K, Osakabe MMH (2009) Deleterious effects of UV-B radiation on herbivorous spider mites: they can avoid it by remaining on lower leaf surfaces. Environ Entomol 38:920–929
Onzo A, Sabelis MW, Hanna R (2010) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on predatory mites and the role of refugees in plant structures. Environ Entomol 39:695–701
Raviv M, Antignus Y (2004) UV radiation effects on pathogens and insect pest of greenhouse-grown crops. Photochem Photobiol 79:219–226
Sal J, Velázquez E, Legarrea S, Aguado P, Fereres A, Morales I, del Estal P, Viñuela E (2009) Influence of UV-absorbing nets in the population of Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas and the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Haliday) in lettuce crops. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium Biological Control Arthropods, Christ Church, New Zealand, 8–13 Feb, 2009, pp 329–337
SPSS Inc (2009) SPSS statistical package, 17.0 version, Chicago, SPSS Inc
Vaishampayan SM, Kogan M, Waldbauer GP, Woolley JT (1975) Spectral specific responses in the visual behaviour of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Ent Exp Appl 18:344–356
van Lenteren JC, Noldus JJ (1990) Whitefly-plant relationships: behavioural and ecological aspects. In: Gerling D (ed) Whiteflies: their bionomics, pest status and management. Intercept Ltd, Hants, UK, pp 47–89
Weintraub PG (2007) Integrated control of pests in tropical and subtropical sweet pepper production. Pest Manag Sci 63:753–760
Weintraub PG, Kleitman S, Shapira N, Argov Y, Palevsky E (2006) Efficacy of Phytoseiulus persimilis versus Neoseiulus californicus for controlling spider mites on greenhouse sweet pepper. IOBC/WPRS Bull 29:121–125
Weintraub PG, Pivonia S, Gera A (2008) Physical control of leafhoppers. J Econ Entomol 101:1337–1340
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Rafi Mori for his technical assistance; Polysack Plastics Industries Ltd and Meteor Agricultural Nets Ltd for kindly providing the nets of study. We are indebted with Arnon Karnieli and Joaquín Campos for measuring the transmission properties of the nets. Besides, we would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and Patrick De Clercq (Handling Editor of BioControl) for their contribution to improve previous versions of the manuscript. Saioa Legarrea was financially supported by a scholarship I3P-BPD-2006 and the work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Research Grant, PET2006_0021; AGL2007-66399-C03-01/02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling Editor: Patrick De Clercq
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Legarrea, S., Weintraub, P.G., Plaza, M. et al. Dispersal of aphids, whiteflies and their natural enemies under photoselective nets. BioControl 57, 523–532 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9430-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9430-2