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Lovebirds in the air: trade patterns, establishment success and niche shifts of Agapornis parrots within their non-native range

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Abstract

Understanding the factors influencing the establishment of non-native species is pivotal with regards to the development of effective biosecurity policies. In this paper, we aim to assess the role of climate matching, trade patterns and breeding origin as drivers of establishment success of introduced lovebirds (Agapornis species). A comprehensive database on the worldwide distribution of eight species of non-native lovebirds (including establishment success and population size from 21 countries spanning 27 years) was compiled. We combined climate-based species distribution models with environmental niche analyses to evaluate environmental suitability and potential niche shifts in the introduced range of lovebirds. Then, we tested whether combining habitat suitability with information on trade, introduction effort and breeding origin (captive-bred or wild-caught) of imported birds can improve model predictions at the country level. Although climate-based models fit well with the current distribution of non-native lovebirds at 5-arcminute resolution and significant niche similarity was found for 3 species, we also observed successful establishments in areas climatically distinct from those occupied in native ranges. At the country level, only a significant relationship between the number of established populations and both the number of introduction sites and the year of first importation was observed. A significant effect of breeding origin was not found, but most traded birds had a captive-bred origin. Our work contributes to the growing evidence of the complexity of the invasion process and the difficulty of pre-introduction invasion assessments based solely on the characteristics of the recipient environments for the Agapornis species. Surveillance protocols should be applied to both wild-caught and captive-bred lovebirds, as additional data becomes available to better tease apart the role of origin in those species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Leonardo Ancillotto for useful recommendations and help in data collection. We are also grateful to Miguel Porto for helping us with the trade graphics. The realisation of this manuscript was supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology COST Action ES1304 (ParrotNet). The contents of this paper are the authors’ responsibility and neither COST nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in it. Luís Reino was funded by FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program “COMPETE”, and by National Funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the framework of the Project “PTDC/AAG-GLO/0463/2014-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016583” and FCT Post-doc Grant SFRH/BPD/93079/2013. LC was funded by the H2020-MSCA-IF-2016 fellowship No. 752149. EM, MM and LC conceived the idea and led the writing of the manuscript; LC conducted most of the analyses. LM organized the first dataset on data collected by DHB, RLW, LR, PE, BN, LGP and MLL, LR analysed and wrote the part focusing on trade. All authors participated in writing the final manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers and the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Daniel Simberloff, kindly provided us with constructive comments on our first draft.

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  1. Emiliano Mori and Laura Cardador have contributed equally to the paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Emiliano Mori

  2. Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Laura Cardador

  3. CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No. 9, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal

    Luís Reino

  4. CEABN/InBIO, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal

    Luís Reino

  5. School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

    Rachel L. White

  6. Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 41092, Seville, Spain

    Dailos Hernández-Brito

  7. Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Aix Marseille University, IRD, LPED, Marseille, France

    Marine Le Louarn

  8. Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy

    Lorenzo Mentil

  9. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain

    Pim Edelaar

  10. Department Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Liviu G. Pârâu

  11. Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Boris P. Nikolov

  12. Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain

    Mattia Menchetti

  13. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

    Mattia Menchetti

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  1. Emiliano Mori
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Mori, E., Cardador, L., Reino, L. et al. Lovebirds in the air: trade patterns, establishment success and niche shifts of Agapornis parrots within their non-native range. Biol Invasions 22, 421–435 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02100-y

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