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Distribution of avian scavengers inside and outside of protected areas: contrasting patterns between two areas of Spain and South Africa

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Abstract

Protected areas are central to the conservation of biodiversity across the globe. However, their performance, especially in relation to highly mobile species, is largely dependent on the socio-ecological characteristics of the landscape that surrounds them. Here, we assess the patterns of avian scavenger distribution, including both obligate (i.e., vultures) and facultative (corvids and other raptors) scavenger species, inside and outside of protected areas. We contrast the situation between an African area, which has protected areas surrounded by mostly subsistence stockbreeding (KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa) and a European area, which has protected areas surrounded by commercial farming (Ebro Valley, Spain). We found large differences between the two areas. In the South African area, the richness and abundance of vultures, but not of facultative scavengers, were higher inside than outside of protected areas; as a result, the richness and abundance of vultures were negatively related to the distance to the nearest protected area in South Africa. In contrast, the richness and abundance of vultures in the Spanish area were similar inside and outside of protected areas. We obtained similar results when focusing solely on presence and abundance of Gyps vultures. The contrasting effects of protected areas in the distribution of avian scavengers, especially vultures, in the studied areas may be due to differences in agro-systems and socio-economical models that lead to differential availability of ungulate carcasses. We suggest that carrion shortage in the subsistence farming systems in the South African area, whereby domestic livestock carcasses are generally used by householders and thus rarely become available to vultures, should be considered alongside poisoning prevention to help conserve African vulture populations.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available in the (name to be provided upon publication) repository (link to be provided upon publication).

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Geoff Clinning, Dave Druce, M. Sophie García-Heras, Dennis Kelly, Tarik Bodasing, Skhumbuzo Mdletshe and Manuel de la Riva. MM was supported by postdoctoral grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education (Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008–2011), the Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R+D+I (SEV-2012-0262) and the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC-2015-19231). ACA was supported by a contract Juan de la Cierva Incorporación (IJCI-2014-20744) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and a postdoctoral contract Programa Viçent Mut of Govern Balear, Spain (PD/039/2017). The study was partly supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects CGL2012-40013-C02-02, CGL2015-66966-C2-1-R and CGL2017-89905-R, and ERDF funds.

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  1. Marcos Moleón

    Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Avda. de Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa

    Marcos Moleón

  2. Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de La Universidad, s/n, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain

    Marcos Moleón, Juan M. Pérez-García & José A. Sánchez-Zapata

  3. Department of Conservation Biology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC.C/Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Seville, Spain

    Marcos Moleón, Ainara Cortés-Avizanda & José A. Donázar

  4. Animal Demography and Ecology Group, IMEDEA CSIC-UIB, C/Miquel Marqués, 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain

    Ainara Cortés-Avizanda

  5. Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain

    Juan M. Pérez-García

  6. Agencia de Medio Ambiente Y Agua, Consejería de Medio Ambiente Y Ordenación del Territorio, Junta de Andalucía, C/Minerva, 7, Edificio Zeus III, 18014, Granada, Spain

    Jesús Bautista

  7. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Claire Geoghegan

  8. Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain

    Martina Carrete

  9. FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa

    Arjun Amar

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Moleón, M., Cortés-Avizanda, A., Pérez-García, J.M. et al. Distribution of avian scavengers inside and outside of protected areas: contrasting patterns between two areas of Spain and South Africa. Biodivers Conserv 29, 3349–3368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02027-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02027-0

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