Abstract
The growing interest in sustainable development in all sectors of the economy has fostered a noteworthy shift toward responsible management education (RME). This emerging view underscores that business schools provide students with more than just managerial knowledge as they also develop students toward responsible management. Based on socialization theory, we show how this development occurs by studying RME as a process that relates to students’ values, attitudes and behavioral intentions. With data from a large international survey of business students from 21 countries, our findings show that RME facilitates students’ self-transcendence, the development of conservation values and positive attitudes toward corporate social responsibility (CSR). Further, RME is positively related to students’ CSR behavioral intentions (willingness to sacrifice salary to work for a responsible employer) through the mediating role of values and attitudes. In sum, this study extends socialization theory to the higher education domain to show that business schools can affect students’ prosocial, ethical values and intentions, with implications for responsible management and RME.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CSR:
-
Corporate social responsibility
- MBA:
-
Master of Business Administration
- PRME:
-
Principles for Responsible Management Education
- RME:
-
Responsible management education
References
Abdul, M. Z., & Saadiatul, I. (2002). Executive and management attitudes towards corporate social responsibility in Malaysia. Corporate Governance, 2(4), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700210447641.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
Alleyne, P., Weekes-Marshall, D., Estwick, S., & Chaderton, R. (2014). Factors influencing ethical intentions among future accounting professionals in the Caribbean. Journal of Academic Ethics, 12(2), 129–144.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2017). IBM SPSS AMOS 25 user’s guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc., Development Corporation.
Arieli, S., Sagiv, L., & Cohen-Shalem, E. (2016). Values in business schools: The role of self-selection and socialization. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 15(3), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2014.0064.
Armenta, B. E., Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., & Jacobson, R. P. (2011). The relation between ethnic group attachment and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of cultural values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.742.
Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320.
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999.
Bauer, T. N., Morrison, E. W., & Callister, R. R. (1998). Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 16, pp. 149–214). London: Emerald.
Beckmann, M., Schaltegger, S., & Landrum, N. (2020). The need for interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. In D. C. Moosmayer, O. Laasch, C. Parkes, & K. Brown (Eds.), The Sage handbook of responsible management learning and education (pp. 122–137). London: Sage.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. New York: Anchor Books.
Blasco, M. (2012). Aligning the hidden curriculum of management education with PRME: An inquiry-based Framework. Journal of Management Education, 36(3), 364–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562911420213.
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004.
Briggs, E., Peterson, M., & Gregory, G. (2010). Toward a better understanding of volunteering for nonprofit organizations: Explaining volunteers’ pro-social attitudes. Journal of Macromarketing, 30(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146709352220.
Brim, O. G., & Wheeler, S. (1966). Socialization after childhood: Two essays. New-York: Wiley.
Burchell, J., Kennedy, S., & Murray, A. (2015). Responsible management education in UK business schools: Critically examining the role of the United Nations Principles for Responsible Management Education as a driver for change. Management Learning, 46(4), 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614549117.
Clausen, J. A. (1968). Socialization and society. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Anderson, N. (2002). Newcomer adjustment: The relationship between organizational socialization tactics, information acquisition and attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902321119583.
Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Anderson, N. (2006). Organizational socialization: A new theoretical model and recommendations for future research and HRM practices in organizations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(5), 492–516. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610673997.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.2.269.18845.
Dose, J. J. (1997). Work values: An integrative framework and illustrative application to organizational socialization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(3), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00645.x.
Elias, R. Z. (2006). The impact of professional commitment and anticipatory socialization on accounting students’ ethical orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 68(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9041-5.
Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2005). Economics language and assumptions: How theories can become self-fulfilling. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.15281412.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Fisher, C. D. (1986). Organizational socialization: An integrative review. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 4, pp. 101–145). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
Frank, B., & Schulze, G. G. (2000). Does economics make citizens corrupt? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 43(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00111-6.
Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad management theories are destroying good management practices. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 4(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2005.16132558.
Giacalone, R. A., & Thompson, K. R. (2006). Business ethics and social responsibility education: Shifting the worldview. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.22697016.
Grunert, S. C., & Juhl, H. J. (1995). Values, environmental attitudes, and buying of organic foods. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(1), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(94)00034-8.
Hailey, J. (1998). Management education for sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 6(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(199803)6:1<40:AID-SD80>3.0.CO;2-Q.
Hair, J. F., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall.
Hall, D. T. (1987). Careers and socialization. Journal of Management, 13(2), 301–321.
Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Religiosity and prosocial behaviors in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Moral Education, 34(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240500127210.
Haski-Leventhal, D. (2020). The purpose-driven university: Transforming lives and creating impact through academic social responsibility. London: Emerald Publishing.
Haski-Leventhal, D., Pournader, M., & McKinnon, A. (2017). The role of gender and age in business students’ values, CSR attitudes, and responsible management education: Learnings from the PRME international survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 146(1), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2936-2.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Publications.
Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: Process versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 25(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001.
Hazer, J. T., & Alvares, K. M. (1981). Police work values during organizational entry and assimilation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.66.1.12.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hrubes, D., Ajzen, I., & Daigle, J. (2001). Predicting hunting intentions and behavior: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Huckle, J., & Wals, A. E. J. (2015). The UN decade of education for sustainable development: Business as usual in the end. Environmental Education Research, 21(3), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1011084.
Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.5465/256188.
Kaiser, F. G., Hübner, G., & Bogner, F. X. (2005). Contrasting the theory of planned behavior with the value-belief-norm model in explaining conservation behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(10), 2150–2170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02213.x.
Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056.
Kidwell, L. (2001). Student honor codes as a tool for teaching professional ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(1–2), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006442925586.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. In K. D. Keith (Ed.), Essays on moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Kolb, M., Fröhlich, L., & Schmidpeter, R. (2017). Implementing sustainability as the new normal: Responsible management education–From a private business school’s perspective. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(2), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.03.009.
Kolodinsky, R., Madden, T., Zisk, D., & Henkel, E. (2010). Attitudes about corporate social responsibility: Business student predictors. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0075-3.
Koufteros, X. A., Rawski, G. E., & Rupak, R. (2010). Organizational integration for product development: The effects on glitches, on-time execution of engineering change orders, and market success. Decision Sciences, 41(1), 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2009.00259.x.
Kovner, C. T., Fairchild, S., Poornima, S., Kim, H., & Djukic, M. (2007). Newly licensed RNs’ characteristics, work attitudes, and intentions to work. The American Journal of Nursing, 107(9), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000287512.31006.66.
Kraimer, M. L. (1997). Organizational goals and values: A socialization model. Human Resource Management Review, 7(4), 425–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(97)90028-0.
Laasch, O., Moosmayer, D., Antonacopoulou, E., & Schaltegger, S. (2020). Constellations of transdisciplinary practices: A map and research agenda for the responsible management learning field. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04440-5.
Lämsä, A. M., Vehkaperä, M., Puttonen, T., & Pesonen, H. L. (2008). Effect of business education on women and men students’ attitudes on corporate responsibility in society. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9561-7.
Lau, C. L. (2010). A step forward: Ethics education matters! Journal of Business Ethics, 92(4), 565–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0173-2.
Lindeman, M., & Verkasalo, M. (2005). Measuring values with the short Schwartz's value survey. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_09.
Louis, M. R. (1990). Newcomers as lay ethnographers: Acculturation during socialization. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climates and cultures. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.
Louw, J. (2015). “Paradigm change” or no real change at all? A critical reading of the UN principles for responsible management education. Journal of Management Education, 39(2), 184–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562914547965.
Luthar, H., & Karri, R. (2005). Exposure to ethics education and the perception of linkage between organizational ethical behavior and business outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(4), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-1548-7.
Maio, G. R., & Olson, J. M. (1995). Relations between values, attitudes, and behavioral intentions: The moderating role of attitude function. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31(3), 266–285.
May, D. R., Luth, M. T., & Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1860-6.
McCabe, D. L., Butterfield, K. D., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Academic dishonesty in graduate business programs: Prevalence, causes, and proposed action. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.22697018.
McGlone, T., Spain, J. W., & McGlone, V. (2011). Corporate social responsibility and the millennials. Journal of Education for Business, 86(4), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2010.502912.
Millar, J., & Price, M. (2018). Imagining management education: A critique of the contribution of the United Nations PRME to critical reflexivity and rethinking management education. Management Learning, 49(3), 346–362.
Mintzberg, H. (2004). Managers, not MBAs: A hard look at the soft practice of managing and management development. London: FT Prentice Hall.
Montgomery, D. B., & Ramus, C. A. (2003). Corporate social responsibility reputation effects on MBA job choice. Stanford GSB Working Paper No. 1805. Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=412124 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.412124.
Montgomery, D. B., & Ramus, C. A. (2011). Calibrating MBA job preferences for the 21st century. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.10.1.zqr9.
Moosmayer, D., Laasch, O., Parkes, C., & Brown, K. G. (2020). The SAGE handbook of responsible management learning and education. London: SAGE.
Morris, S. A. (1997). Internal effects of stakeholder management devices. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(4), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017900209031.
Neubaum, D. O., Pagell, M., Drexler, J. A., Jr., Mckee-Ryan, F. M., & Larson, E. (2009). Business education and its relationship to student personal moral philosophies and attitudes toward profits: An empirical response to critics. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2009.37012176.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Okręglicka, M. (2018). Commitment to the sustainability of students within a responsible management education. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(4), 243–243.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9101.88.5.879.
Pulfrey, C., & Butera, F. (2016). When and why people don’t accept cheating: Self-transcendence values, social responsibility, mastery goals and attitudes towards cheating. Motivation and Emotion, 40(3), 438–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9530-x.
Roxas, M., & Stoneback, J. (2004). The importance of gender across cultures in ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022127.51047.ef.
Schuh, S. C., Zheng, M. X., Xin, K. R., & Fernandez, J. A. (2019). The interpersonal benefits of leader mindfulness: A serial mediation model linking leader mindfulness, leader procedural justice enactment, and employee exhaustion and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 1007–1025.
Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 457–475.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6.
Semper, J. V. O., & Blasco, M. (2018). Revealing the hidden curriculum in higher education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 37(5), 481–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-018-9608-5.
Setó-Pamies, D., & Papaoikonomou, E. (2016). A multi-level perspective for the integration of ethics, corporate social responsibility and sustainability (ECSRS) in management education. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(3), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2535-7.
Shafer, W. E., Fukuyama, K., & Lee, G. M. (2006). Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The US versus China. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(3), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9110-9.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989x.7.4.422.
Slager, R., Pouryousefi, S., Moon, J., & Schoolman, E. D. (2018). Sustainability centres and fit: How centres work to integrate sustainability within business schools. Journal of Business Ethics, 161, 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3965-4.
Tierney, W. G. (1997). Organizational socialization in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 68(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1997.11778975.
Trevino, L. K., & McCabe, D. (1994). Meta-learning about business ethics: Building honorable business school communities. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(6), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00881449.
van Goethem, A. A. J., van Hoof, A., van Aken, M. A. G., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Boom, J., & de Castro, B. O. (2012). The role of adolescents’ morality and identity in volunteering: Age and gender differences in a process model. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.08.012.
Van Maanen, J. (1983). Golden passports: Managerial socialization and graduate education. The Review of Higher Education, 6(4), 435–455. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.1983.0016.
Van Maanen, J. E., & Schein, E. H. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Wang, L., Malhotra, D., & Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Economics education and greed. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(4), 643–660. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2009.0185.
Ward, S. P., Ward, D. R., & Wilson, T. E., Jr. (1996). The code of professional conduct: Instructional impact on accounting students’ ethical perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Education for Business, 71(3), 147–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.1996.10116775.
Weidman, J. C., Twale, D. J., & Stein, E. L. (2001). Socialization of graduate and professional students in higher education: A perilous passage?. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Whitehead, J. C., Groothuis, P. A., & Blomquist, G. C. (1993). Testing for non-response and sample selection bias in contingent valuation: Analysis of a combination phone/mail survey. Economics Letters, 41(2), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(93)90200-V.
Yang, J. T. (2008). Effect of newcomer socialisation on organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in the hotel industry. The Service Industries Journal, 28(4), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060801917430.
Yoon, C. (2011). Theory of planned behavior and ethics theory in digital piracy: An integrated model. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0687-7.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the PRME Secretariat at the United Nations Global Compact office for their support on this project, the signatory business schools who participated in the study, and their students who responded to the survey. We would also like to thank Prof Anthony Buono for his review of an earlier version of this article and Prof Carole Parkes for connecting us to PRME Champion schools. We would like to express our gratitude to Prof Jill Brown for her guidance and the three anonymous JBE reviewers for their enormous help and useful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
All the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval
An ethical approval was obtained for this study from our academic institution.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 5.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haski-Leventhal, D., Pournader, M. & Leigh, J.S.A. Responsible Management Education as Socialization: Business Students’ Values, Attitudes and Intentions. J Bus Ethics 176, 17–35 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04593-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04593-3