Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Adolescent Cognitive–Behavioral Sleep Interventions

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the efficacy of adolescent cognitive–behavioral sleep interventions. Searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were performed from inception to May 1, 2016, supplemented with manual screening. Nine trials were selected (n = 357, mean age = 14.97 years; female = 61.74%). Main outcomes were subjective (sleep diary/questionnaire) and objective (actigraphy) total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). There were a small number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs; n = 4) and a high risk of bias across the RCTs; therefore, within sleep condition meta-analyses were examined (n = 221). At post-intervention, subjective TST improved by 29.47 min (95% CI 17.18, 41.75), SOL by 21.44 min (95% CI −30.78, −12.11), SE by 5.34% (95% CI 2.64, 8.04), and WASO by a medium effect size [d = 0.59 (95% CI 0.36, 0.82)]. Objective SOL improved by 16.15 min (95% CI −26.13, −6.17) and SE by 2.82% (95% CI 0.58, 5.07). Global sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, depression, and anxiety also improved. Gains were generally maintained over time. Preliminary evidence suggests that adolescent cognitive–behavioral sleep interventions are effective, but further high-quality RCTs are needed. Suggestions for further research are provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam, E. K., Snell, E. K., & Pendry, P. (2007). Sleep timing and quantity in ecological and family context: A nationally representative time-diary study. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 4–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolescent Sleep Working Group. (2014). School start times for adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(3), 642–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alfano, C. A., Reynolds, K., Scott, N., Dahl, R. E., & Mellman, A. (2013). Polysomnographic sleep patterns of non-depressed, non-medicated children with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 379–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Medical Association. (2010). Resolution 503: Insufficient sleep in adolescents. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B., Storfer-Isser, A., Taylor, H. G., Rosen, C. L., & Redline, S. (2009). Associations of executive function with sleepiness and sleep duration in adolescents. Pediatrics, 123(4), e701–e707.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., et al. (2011). Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 10–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., Berger, M., & Riemann, D. (2014). Sleep, depression and insomnia—A vicious circle? Current Psychiatry Reviews, 10, 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballesio, A., Aquino, M. R. J. V., Feige, B., Johann, A. F., Kyle, S. D., Spiegelhalder, K., et al. (2017). The effectiveness of behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies for insomnia on depressive and fatigue symptoms: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.01.006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartel, K. A., Gradisar, M., & Williamson, P. (2015). Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 72–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastien, C. H., Morin, C. M., Ouellet, M.-C., Blais, F. C., & Bouchard, S. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: Comparison of individual therapy, group therapy, and telephone consultations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 653–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bei, B., Allen, N. B., Nicholas, C. L., Dudgeon, P., Murray, G., & Trinder, J. (2014). Actigraphy-assessed sleep during school and vacation periods: A naturalistic study of restricted and extended sleep opportunities in adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 23, 107–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bei, B., Byrne, M., Ivens, C., Waloszek, J., Woods, M., Dudgeon, P., et al. (2013). Pilot study of a mindfulness-based, multi-component, in-school group sleep intervention in adolescent girls. Early Intervention in the Real World, 7, 213–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bei, B., Wiley, J. F., Trinder, J., & Manber, R. (2016). Beyond the mean: A systematic review on the correlates of daily intraindividual variability of sleep/wake patterns. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 28, 108–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belleville, G., Cousineau, H., Levrier, K., & St-Pierre-Delorme, M.-È. (2011). Meta-analytic review of the impact of cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia on concomitant anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 638–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellg, A. J., Borrelli, B., Resnick, B., Hecht, J., Minicucci, D. S., Ory, M., et al. (2004). Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: Best practices and recommendations from the NIH Behavior Change Consortium. Health Psychology, 23, 443–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, S. N., Lushington, K., van den Heuvel, C. J., Martin, A. J., & Kennedy, J. D. (2011). Inconsistent sleep schedules and daytime behavioral difficulties in school-aged children. Sleep Medicine, 12, 780–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, M. J., Waloszek, J. M., Schwartz, O., Raniti, M. B., Simmons, J. G., Blake, L., et al. (2016). The SENSE Study: Post intervention effects of a randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based group sleep improvement intervention among at-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(12), 1039–1051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blunden, S., Chapman, J., & Rigney, G. (2012). Are sleep education programs successful? The case for improved and consistent research efforts. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16, 355–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blunden, S., & Rigney, G. (2015). Lessons learned from sleep education in schools: A review of dos and don’ts. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11, 671–680.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bootzin, R. R., & Stevens, S. J. (2005). Adolescents, substance abuse, and the treatment of insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 629–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O. J., Schmittmann, V. D., Epskamp, S., & Waldorp, L. J. (2011). The small world of psychopathology. PLoS ONE, 6, e27407.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boutron, I., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., & Ravaud, P. (2008). Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148, 295–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Roth, T., Rosenthal, L., & Andreski, P. (1996). Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: A longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 411–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, W. B., Bootzin, R. R., Cousins, J. C., Hasler, B. P., Peck, T., & Shapiro, S. L. (2010). The contribution of mindfulness practice to a multicomponent behavioral sleep intervention following substance abuse treatment in adolescents: A treatment-development study. Substance Abuse, 31, 86–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, W. B., Haynes, P. L., Fridel, K. W., & Bootzin, R. R. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves polysomnographic and subjective sleep profiles in antidepressant users with sleep complaints. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81, 296–304.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Friesen, C., Bialy, L., Tubman, M., Ospina, M., et al. (2007). The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(9), 1335–1350.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buysse, D., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J., Lichstein, K., & Morin, C. (2006). Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep, 29, 1155–1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buysse, D., Cheng, Y., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Franzen, P. L., Fletcher, M., et al. (2010). Night-to-night sleep variability in older adults with and without chronic insomnia. Sleep Medicine, 11, 56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buysse, D., Thompson, W., Scott, J., Franzen, P. L., Germain, A., Hall, M., et al. (2007). Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: A prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment. Sleep Medicine, 8, 198–208.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carskadon, M. (2011). Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58, 637–647.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carskadon, M., & Acebo, C. (2002). Regulation of sleepiness in adolescents: Update, insights, and speculation. Sleep, 25(6), 606–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carskadon, M., Acebo, C., & Jenni, O. (2004). Regulation of adolescent sleep: Implications for behavior. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 276–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carskadon, M. A., Vieira, C., & Acebo, C. (1993). Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep, 16, 258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, R. M., & Pincus, D. B. (2011). Sleep-related problems in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 9, 224–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, H., Batterham, P. J., Gosling, J. A., Ritterband, L. M., Griffiths, K. M., Thorndike, F. P., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of an online insomnia program (SHUTi) for prevention of depressive episodes (the GoodNight Study): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 0366(15), 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G., McGlinchey, E., Hein, K., Gullion, C., Dickerson, J., Leo, M., et al. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of insomnia and depression in adolescents: A pilot randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 69, 111–118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2011). Changes in sleep as a function of adolescent development. Neuropsychology Review, 21, 5–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowie, J., Alfano, C. A., Patriquin, M., Reynolds, K. C., Talavera, D., & Clementi, M. (2014). Addressing sleep in children with anxiety disorders. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 9, 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers, P. (2016). Meta-analyses in mental health research. A practical guide. https://indd.adobe.com/view/5fc8f9a0-bf1e-49d3-bf5f-a40bfe5409e0.

  • Cybulski, L., Mayo-Wilson, E., & Grant, S. (2016). Improving transparency and reproducibility through registration: The status of intervention trials published in clinical psychology journals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(9), 753–767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler, C. A., Richardson, G. S., Coleman, R. M., Zimmerman, J. C., Moore-Ede, M. C., Dement, W. C., et al. (1981). Chronotherapy: Resetting the circadian clocks of patients with delayed sleep phase insomnia. Sleep, 4(1), 1–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2007). Sleep in children and adolescents with behavioral and emotional disorders. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2, 501–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin, E. J., Bögels, S. M., Oort, F. J., & Meijer, A. M. (2015). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial with internet therapy, group therapy and a waiting list condition. Sleep, 38, 1913–1926.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin, E. J., Oort, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & Meijer, A. M. (2014). Efficacy of internet and group-administered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents: A pilot study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 12, 235–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., D’Amico, R., Sowden, A. J., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., et al. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technology Assessment, 7(27), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31, 73–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dohnt, H., Gradisar, M., & Short, M. A. (2012). Insomnia and its symptoms in adolescents: Comparing DSM-IV and ICSD-II diagnostic criteria. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8, 295–299.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52, 377–384.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Edinger, J. D., & Means, M. K. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 539–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., Minder, C., & Berne, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315, 629–634.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, I., & Campbell, I. G. (2010). Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: An index of a fundamental brain reorganization. Brain and Cognition, 72, 56–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, I., Higgins, L. M., Khaw, W. Y., & Campbell, I. G. (2006). The adolescent decline of NREM delta, an indicator of brain maturation, is linked to age and sex but not to pubertal stage. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 291, R1724–R1729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Calhoun, S. L., Bixler, E. O., Karataraki, M., Liao, D., Vela-Bueno, A., et al. (2011). Sleep misperception and chronic insomnia in the general population: The role of objective sleep duration and psychological profiles. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernando III, A., Arroll, B., & Falloon, K. (2013). A double-blind randomised controlled study of a brief intervention of bedtime restriction for adult patients with primary insomnia. Journal of Primary Health Care, 5(1), 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, E. E., Bertocci, M. A., Gregory, A. M., Ryan, N. D., Axelson, D. A., et al. (2009). Objective sleep in pediatric anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 148–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2006). Daily variation in adolescents’ sleep, activities, and psychological well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 353–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, T. A., Noma, H., Caldwell, D. M., Honyashiki, M., Shinohara, K., Imai, H., et al. (2014). Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: A contribution from network meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(3), 181–192.

  • Garland, S. N., Carlson, L. E., Stephens, A. J., Antle, M. C., Samuels, C., & Campbell, T. S. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction compared with cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of insomnia comorbid with cancer: A randomized, partially blinded, noninferiority trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32, 449–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, G., Ingram, R. E., Rand, K., & Sawalani, G. (2007). Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy: Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 224–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradisar, M., & Crowley, S. J. (2013). Delayed sleep phase disorder in youth. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(6), 580.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gradisar, M., Dohnt, H., Gardner, G., Paine, S., Starkey, K., Menne, A., et al. (2011a). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy for adolescent delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep, 34, 1671–1680.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gradisar, M., Gardner, G., & Dohnt, H. (2011b). Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Medicine, 12, 110–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gradisar, M., & Richardson, C. (2015). CBT-I cannot rest until the sleepy teen can. Sleep, 38, 1841–1842.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Reilly-Spong, M., Wall, M., Winbush, N. Y., Patterson, R., et al. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction versus pharmacotherapy for chronic primary insomnia: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Explore, 7, 76–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, R. (2016). School-based sleep education programs: A knowledge-to-action perspective regarding barriers, proposed solutions, and future directions. Sleep Medicine Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.10.001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. G. (2004). Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. G. (2015). A transdiagnostic intervention for youth sleep and circadian problems. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23(3), 341–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. G., Bélanger, L., Talbot, L., Eidelman, P., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Fortier-Brochu, E., et al. (2014). Comparative efficacy of behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 670–683.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. G., Murray, G., Chandler, R. A., & Soehner, A. (2011). Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: Consideration of neurobiological mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 225–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2011). Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1. 0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration.

  • Higgins, J., Thompson, S., Deeks, J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327, 557–560.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., et al. (2015). National sleep foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1(1), 40–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. (2006). The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huedo-Medina, T. B., Kirsch, I., Middlemass, J., Klonizakis, M., & Siriwardena, A. N. (2012). Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: Meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. BMJ, 345, e8343.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). Sleep patterns and insomnia among adolescents: A population-based study. Journal of Sleep Research, 22, 549–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. R. (2015). The NIMH experimental medicine initiative. World Psychiatry, 14, 151–153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Irish, L. A., Kline, C. E., Gunn, H. E., Buysse, D. J., & Hall, M. H. (2015). The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: A review of empirical evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 22, 23–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenni, O. G., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2006). Understanding sleep-wake behavior and sleep disorders in children: The value of a model. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19, 282–287.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E., Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (2000). Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 94, 93–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E., Roth, T., Schultz, L., & Breslau, N. (2006). Epidemiology of DSM-IV insomnia in adolescence: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and an emergent gender difference. Pediatrics, 117, e247–e256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kales, A., Manfredi, R. L., Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Vela-Bueno, A., & Fee, E. C. (1991). Rebound insomnia after only brief and intermittent use of rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 49(4), 468–476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, P., & El-Sheikh, M. (2011). Children’s emotional security and sleep: Longitudinal relations and directions of effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 52, 64–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Georgiades, K., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., et al. (2012). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 372–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–709.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2007). Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 137–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kira, G., Maddison, R., Hull, M., Bluden, S., & Olds, T. (2014). Sleep education improves the sleep duration of adolescents: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10, 787–792.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koffel, E. A., Koffel, J. B., & Gehrman, P. R. (2015). A meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 19, 6–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 877–883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancee, J., van Straten, A., Morina, N., Kaldo, V., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2016). Guided online or face-to-face cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia? A randomized wait-list controlled trial. SLEEP, 39(1), 183–191.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, J., Ionnidis, J. P., Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H., & Olkin, I. (2006). The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ, 333, 596–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1996). The role of melatonin and light in the human circadian system. Progress in Brain Research, 111, 205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovato, N., & Gradisar, M. (2014). A meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: Recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18, 521–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovato, N., Gradisar, M., Short, M., Dohnt, H., & Micic, G. (2013). Delayed sleep phase disorder in an Australian school-based sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9, 939–944.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E., & Shafran, R. (2009). Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 6–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, E. E., Arnedt, J. T., McCarthy, M. S., Cuddihy, L. J., & Aloia, M. S. (2013). Adherence to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 17(6), 453–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maume, D. J. (2013). Social ties and adolescent sleep disruption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 498–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMakin, D. L., & Alfano, C. A. (2015). Sleep and anxiety in late childhood and early adolescence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28, 483–489.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, L. J., & Mindell, J. A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39, 932–948.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, L. J., Montgomery-Downs, H. E., Insana, S. P., & Walsh, C. M. (2012). Use of actigraphy for assessment in pediatric sleep research. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16, 463–475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Millman, R. (2005). Excessive sleepiness in adolescents and young adults: Causes, consequences, and treatment strategies. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1774–1786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., et al. (2012). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. International Journal of Surgery, 10, 28–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., et al. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M., Kirchner, H. L., Drotar, D., Johnson, N., Rosen, C., Ancoli-Israel, S., et al. (2009). Relationships among sleepiness, sleep time, and psychological functioning in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 1175–1183.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morgenthaler, T., Kramer, M., Alessi, C., Friedman, L., Boehlecke, B., Brown, T., et al. (2006). Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: An update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Sleep, 29, 1415–1419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C. (2003). Measuring outcomes in randomized clinical trials of insomnia treatments. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7, 263–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Ivers, H., Vallières, A., Guay, B., Savard, J., et al. (2014). Speed and trajectory of changes of insomnia symptoms during acute treatment with cognitive–behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication. Sleep Medicine, 15(6), 701–707.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998–2004). Sleep, 29, 1398–1414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M. (1994). Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1172–1180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C., & Espie, C. (2003). Insomnia: A clinical guide to assessment and treatment. New York, NY: Kluwer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Murtagh, D., & Greenwood, K. (1995). Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 78–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Sleep Foundation. (2011). 2011 sleep in America poll: Communications technology in the bedroom. Summary of findings. https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/sleepinamericapoll/SIAP_2011_Summary_of_Findings.pdf.

  • Nowell, P. D., Mazumdar, S., Buysse, D. J., Dew, M. A., Reynolds, C. F., & Kupfer, D. J. (1997). Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia: A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. JAMA, 278(24), 2170–2177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2011). Healthy people 2020 objective topic areas. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohayon, M. M., & Roberts, R. E. (2001). Comparability of sleep disorders diagnoses using DSM-IV and ICSD classifications with adolescents. Sleep, 24(8), 920–925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohayon, M. M., Roberts, R. E., Zulley, J., Smirne, S., & Priest, R. G. (2000). Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1549–1556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, J. C., Manber, R., Segal, Z., Xia, Y., Shapiro, S., & Wyatt, J. K. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for chronic insomnia. Sleep, 37, 1553–1563.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J. A., Dearth-Wesley, T., Lewin, D., Gioia, G., & Whitaker, R. C. (2016). Self-regulation and sleep duration, sleepiness, and chronotype in adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(6), e20161406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., et al. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785–786.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pasch, K. E., Laska, M. N., Lytle, L. A., & Moe, S. G. (2010). Adolescent sleep, risk behaviors, and depressive symptoms: Are they linked? American Journal of Health Behavior, 34, 237–248.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pelayo, R. P., Thorpy, M. J., & Glovinsky, P. (1988). Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome among adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 17, 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Lloret, S., Videla, A. J., Richaudeau, A., Vigo, D., Rossi, M., Cardinali, D. P., et al. (2013). A multi-step pathway connecting short sleep duration to daytime somnolence, reduced attention, and poor academic performance: An exploratory cross-sectional study in teenagers. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(5), 469–473.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qaseem, A., Kansagara, D., Forciea, M. A., Cooke, M., & Denberg, T. D. (2016). Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 125–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riemann, D., & Perlis, M. L. (2009). The treatments of chronic insomnia: A review of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and psychological and behavioral therapies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13, 205–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Duong, H. T. (2009). Chronic insomnia and its negative consequences for health and functioning of adolescents: A 12-month prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 294–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roeser, K., Schwerdtle, B., Kubler, A., & Schlarb, A. (2016). Further evidence for the just program as treatment for insomnia in adolescents: Results from a 1-year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12, 257–262.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, P. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral prevention of depression in adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 136–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sack, R., Auckley, D., Auger, R., Carskadon, M., Wright, K., Vitiello, M., et al. (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part II: Advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. Sleep, 30(11), 1484–1501.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saxvig, I. W., Pallesen, S., Wilhelmsen-Langeland, A., Molde, H., & Bjorvatn, B. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of delayed sleep phase in high school students. Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 193–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlarb, A. A., Liddle, C. C., & Hautzinger, M. (2011). JuSt—A multimodal program for treatment of insomnia in adolescents: A pilot study. Nature and Science of Sleep, 3, 13–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholle, S., Beyer, U., Bernhard, M., Eichholz, S., Erler, T., Graness, P., et al. (2011). Normative values of polysomnographic parameters in childhood and adolescence: Quantitative sleep parameters. Sleep Medicine, 12, 542–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. R., & Carney, C. E. (2012). Mediators of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: A review of randomized controlled trials and secondary analysis studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 664–675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Short, M. A., Gradisar, M., Wright, H., Lack, L. C., Dohnt, H., & Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Time for bed: Parent-set bedtimes associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. Sleep, 34, 797–800.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sivertsen, B., Omvik, S., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Havik, O. E., Kvale, G., et al. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 295(24), 2851–2858.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. J., & Pruiksma, K. E. (2014). Cognitive and behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in psychiatric populations: A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 26, 205–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/.

  • Telzer, E. H., Goldenberg, D., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., & Gálvan, A. (2015). Sleep variability in adolescence is associated with altered brain development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 16–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trauer, M., Qian, M. Y., Doyle, J. S., Rajaratnam, S. M., & Cunnington, D. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163, 191–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Straten, A., van der Zweerde, T., Kleiboer, A., Cuijpers, P., Morin, C. M., & Lancee, J. (2017). Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeek, I., Konings, G., Aldenkamp, A., Declerck, A., & Klip, E. (2006). Cognitive behavioral treatment in clinically referred chronic insomniacs: Group versus individual treatment. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 4(3), 135–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello, M. V., McCurry, S. M., & Rybarczyk, B. D. (2013). The future of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: What important research remains to be done? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 1013–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, S., Murray, G., & Meyer, D. (2008). Holiday and school-term sleep patterns of Australian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 595–608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Ng, M. Y., & Bearman, S. K. (2014). Odd couple? Reenvisioning the relation between science and practice in the dissemination-implementation era. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(1), 58–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wensing, M., Bosch, M., & Grol, R. (2010). Developing and selecting interventions for translating knowledge to action. CMAJ, 182(2), 85–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, Y., Chan, N., Man Yu, M., Lam, S., Zhang, J., Li, S., et al. (2015). A school-based sleep education program for adolescents: A cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics, 135, e635–e643.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, A., & Carskadon, M. (1998). Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Development, 69, 875–887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2015). Health for the world’s adolescents. A second chance in the second decade, 2014. http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/files/1612_MNCAH_HWA_Executive_Summary.pdf.

  • Yamadera, W., Sato, M., Harada, D., Iwashita, M., & Aoki, R. (2013). Comparisons of short-term efficacy between individual and group cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 11(3), 176–184.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Adam Pettitt for assisting with the study quality ratings and risk-of-bias assessments.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 12th Floor Redmond Barry Building, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Matthew J. Blake, Monika B. Raniti & Nicholas B. Allen

  2. Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA

    Lisa B. Sheeber

  3. School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    George J. Youssef

  4. Center for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    George J. Youssef

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1227, USA

    Nicholas B. Allen

Authors
  1. Matthew J. Blake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lisa B. Sheeber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. George J. Youssef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Monika B. Raniti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicholas B. Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas B. Allen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 326 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Blake, M.J., Sheeber, L.B., Youssef, G.J. et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Adolescent Cognitive–Behavioral Sleep Interventions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 20, 227–249 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0234-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0234-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation