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Advances in cellulose nanomaterials

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Abstract

Research on nanocellulose has significantly increased over the past few decades, owing to the various attractive characteristics of this material, such as renewability, widespread availability, low density, excellent mechanical properties, economic value, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Nanocellulose categorized into two main types, namely cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In this review, we present the recent advances made in the production of CNFs and CNCs. In addition to the conventional mechanical and chemical treatments used to prepare CNFs and CNCs, respectively, other promising techniques as well as pretreatment processes have been also proposed in recent times, in an effort to design an economically efficient and eco-friendly production route for nanocellulose. Further, while the hydrophilic nature of nanocellulose limits its use in polymeric matrices and in some industrial applications, the large number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of nanocellulose provides a suitable platform for various kinds of modification treatments. The various chemical and physical surface treatment procedures reported for nanocellulose have been reviewed in this paper. Finally, in this review, we summarize the life cycle assessment studies conducted so far on nanocellulose, which quantify the environmental impact of nanocellulose products. The current paper is a comprehensive review of the recent literature on nanostructured cellulose.

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Fig. 1

Adapted with permission from Mariano et al. (2014), Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons

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Adapted with permission from Dhar et al. (2015), Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry

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Adapted with permission from Nielsen et al. (2010) and Cunha et al. (2014), Copyright 2010 and 2014. Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry and American Chemical Society

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Adapted with permission from Kämäräinen et al. (2016), Copyright 2016. Reproduced with permission from Springer

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Fig. 10

Adapted with permission from Li et al. (2013a, b), Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society

Fig. 11

Adapted with permission from (Li et al. 2013a, b), Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society. (Color figure online)

Fig. 12

Adapted with permission from Piccinno et al. (2015), Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society

Fig. 13

Adapted with permission from Arvidsson et al. (2015), Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

Adapted with permission from de Figueirêdo et al. (2012), Copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 15

Adapted with permission from do Nascimento et al. (2016a, b), Copyright 2016. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 16

Adapted with permission from Hervy et al. (2015), Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. (Color figure online)

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Acknowledgments

The authors, Ishak Ahmad and Hanieh Kargarzadeh, would like to thank the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) for providing Research Grants, GUP-2016-009 and DIP-2016-026 respectively, and also of the National Science Centre, Poland on the basis of the Decision Number 2016/23/B/ST8/03509 to make this research possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland

    Hanieh Kargarzadeh

  2. Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Polymer Research Center (PORCE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Hanieh Kargarzadeh & Ishak Ahmad

  3. Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil

    Marcos Mariano

  4. Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6154, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil

    Marcos Mariano

  5. Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India

    Deepu Gopakumar & Sabu Thomas

  6. University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, 38000, Grenoble, France

    Alain Dufresne

  7. CNRS, LGP2, 38000, Grenoble, France

    Alain Dufresne

  8. School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Jin Huang & Ning Lin

  9. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

    Jin Huang

Authors
  1. Hanieh Kargarzadeh
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  2. Marcos Mariano
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  3. Deepu Gopakumar
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  4. Ishak Ahmad
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  5. Sabu Thomas
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  6. Alain Dufresne
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  7. Jin Huang
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  8. Ning Lin
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hanieh Kargarzadeh or Ishak Ahmad.

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Kargarzadeh, H., Mariano, M., Gopakumar, D. et al. Advances in cellulose nanomaterials. Cellulose 25, 2151–2189 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1723-5

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