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Out-of-the-Blue: Depressive Symptoms are Associated with Deficits in Processing Inferential Expectancy-Violations Using a Novel Cognitive Rigidity Task

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Abstract

Rigid cognition is frequently cited as a plausible maintenance or risk factor for depression. However, most performance-based measures of cognitive rigidity associated with depression offer poor ecological validity, produce mixed findings, and afford little in the way of therapeutic application. In order to establish a more useful and relevant performance-based measure of cognitive rigidity in depression, we developed a novel task that probes a rigidity process using stimuli highly relevant to the level of construal, the thematic content, and the rhetorical mode of depressotypic thinking. The task consists of a set of narrative vignettes that contain an expectancy-violation that is incompatible with an initially-established interpretation. As hypothesized, depressive symptoms were associated with reduced ability to update interpretations. This finding was independent of the valence of the expectancy-violation (i.e., was not merely a negativity bias), and was significant after controlling for basic set-shifting ability, intelligence measures, working memory, and other potential confounds. The novel Contingent Inference Task is a promising approach that may probe a more ecologically and etiologically relevant form of cognitive rigidity in depression than other related performance-based rigidity tasks. This rigidity process may underlie the persistence of biased beliefs in depression, and represent a new therapeutic target.

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Notes

  1. See Supplementary Materials for further detail on these covariates.

  2. To increase the likelihood of including participants who were experienced in participating in online research, while maximizing task naivety.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Mark Yates and Melissa Latham for reading earlier versions of the manuscript.

Funding

Funding was provided by Department of Human Services, State Government of Victoria (Grant No. ID0EEOAE1654).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Paul Liknaitzky & Luke D. Smillie

  2. Department of Psychology, The University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA

    Nicholas B. Allen

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  1. Paul Liknaitzky
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  2. Luke D. Smillie
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Correspondence to Paul Liknaitzky.

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Paul Liknaitzky, Luke D. Smillie, and Nicholas B. Allen declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Liknaitzky, P., Smillie, L.D. & Allen, N.B. Out-of-the-Blue: Depressive Symptoms are Associated with Deficits in Processing Inferential Expectancy-Violations Using a Novel Cognitive Rigidity Task. Cogn Ther Res 41, 757–776 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9853-x

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