Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Coffee consumption and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in smokers and non-smokers: a dose-response meta-analysis

  • META-ANALYSIS
  • Published:
European Journal of Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coffee consumption has been associated with several benefits toward human health. However, its association with mortality risk has yielded contrasting results, including a non-linear relation to all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and no association with cancer mortality. As smoking habits may affect the association between coffee and health outcomes, the aim of the present study was to update the latest dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on the association between coffee consumption and mortality risk and conduct stratified analyses by smoking status and other potential confounders. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases to identify relevant studies, risk estimates were retrieved from the studies, and dose-response analysis was modeled by using restricted cubic splines. A total of 31 studies comprising 1610,543 individuals and 183,991 cases of all-cause, 34,574 of CVD, and 40,991 of cancer deaths were selected. Analysis showed decreased all-cause [relative risk (RR) = 0.86, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.82, 0.89)] and CVD mortality risk (RR = 0.85, 95 % CI = 0.77, 0.93) for consumption of up to 4 cups/day of coffee, while higher intakes were associated with no further lower risk. When analyses were restricted only to non-smokers, a linear decreased risk of all-cause (RR = 0.94, 95 % CI = 0.93, 0.96), CVD (RR = 0.94, 95 % CI = 0.91, 0.97), and cancer mortality (RR = 0.98, 95 % CI = 0.96, 1.00) for 1 cup/day increase was found. The search for other potential confounders, including dose-response analyses in subgroups by gender, geographical area, year of publication, and type of coffee, showed no relevant differences between strata. In conclusion, coffee consumption is associated with decreased risk of mortality from all-cause, CVD, and cancer; however, smoking modifies the observed risk when studying the role of coffee on human health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ranheim T, Halvorsen B. Coffee consumption and human health–beneficial or detrimental?–Mechanisms for effects of coffee consumption on different risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005;49(3):274–84. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200400109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, et al. Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):877–8. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30239-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Godos J, Pluchinotta FR, Marventano S, et al. Coffee components and cardiovascular risk: beneficial and detrimental effects. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(8):925–36. doi:10.3109/09637486.2014.940287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aleksandrova K, Bamia C, Drogan D, et al. The association of coffee intake with liver cancer risk is mediated by biomarkers of inflammation and hepatocellular injury: data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(6):1498–508. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.116095.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Jacobs S, Kroger J, Floegel A, et al. Evaluation of various biomarkers as potential mediators of the association between coffee consumption and incident type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-Potsdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(3):891–900. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.080317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Koloverou E, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, et al. The evaluation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers on coffee-diabetes association: results from the 10-year follow-up of the ATTICA Study (2002–2012). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(11):1220–5. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Loftfield E, Shiels MS, Graubard BI, et al. Associations of coffee drinking with systemic immune and inflammatory markers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2015;24(7):1052–60. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0038-T.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pellegrini N, Serafini M, Colombi B, et al. Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J Nutr. 2003;133(9):2812–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jiang X, Zhang D, Jiang W. Coffee and caffeine intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(1):25–38. doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0603-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Liu YJ, Zhan J, Liu XL, Wang Y, Ji J, He QQ. Dietary flavonoids intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):59–63. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Woo HD, Kim J. Dietary flavonoid intake and smoking-related cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e75604. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Malerba S, Turati F, Galeone C, et al. A meta-analysis of prospective studies of coffee consumption and mortality for all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(7):527–39. doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9834-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Je Y, Giovannucci E. Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(7):1162–73. doi:10.1017/S0007114513003814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Crippa A, Discacciati A, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Orsini N. Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(8):763–75. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhao Y, Wu K, Zheng J, Zuo R, Li D. Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(7):1282–91. doi:10.1017/S1368980014001438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014;129(6):643–59. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005925.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Xie Y, Qin J, Nan G, Huang S, Wang Z, Su Y. Coffee consumption and the risk of lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.96.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Greenland S, Longnecker MP. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(11):1301–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Orsini NBR, Greenland S. Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data. Stata J. 2006;6:40–57.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Orsini N, Li R, Wolk A, Khudyakov P, Spiegelman D. Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(1):66–73. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kahn HA, Phillips RL, Snowdon DA, Choi W. Association between reported diet and all-cause mortality. Twenty-one-year follow-up on 27,530 adult Seventh-Day Adventists. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119(5):775–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jacobsen BK, Bjelke E, Kvale G, Heuch I. Coffee drinking, mortality, and cancer incidence: results from a Norwegian prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76(5):823–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vandenbroucke JP, Kok FJ, van ‘t Bosch G, van den Dungen PJ, van der Heide-Wessel C, van der Heide RM. Coffee drinking and mortality in a 25-year follow up. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123(2):359–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. LeGrady D, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, et al. Coffee consumption and mortality in the Chicago Western Electric Company Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126(5):803–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L. Coffee, coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men: findings from the Primary Prevention Study. J Intern Med. 1991;230(1):67–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lindsted KD, Kuzma JW, Anderson JL. Coffee consumption and cause-specific mortality. Association with age at death and compression of mortality. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(7):733–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Coffee, tea, and mortality. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(4):375–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hart C, Smith GD. Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Scottish men: a 21 year follow up study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997;51(4):461–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(8):481–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Kleemola P, Jousilahti P, Pietinen P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J. Coffee consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease and death. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(22):3393–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Iwai N, Ohshiro H, Kurozawa Y, et al. Relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of a rural Japanese population. J Epidemiol. 2002;12(3):191–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jazbec A, Simic D, Corovic N, Durakovic Z, Pavlovic M. Impact of coffee and other selected factors on general mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease in Croatia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2003;21(4):332–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Andersen LF, Jacobs DR Jr, Carlsen MH, Blomhoff R. Consumption of coffee is associated with reduced risk of death attributed to inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(5):1039–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Paganini-Hill A, Kawas CH, Corrada MM. Non-alcoholic beverage and caffeine consumption and mortality: the Leisure World Cohort Study. Prev Med. 2007;44(4):305–10. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.12.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Happonen P, Laara E, Hiltunen L, Luukinen H. Coffee consumption and mortality in a 14-year follow-up of an elderly northern Finnish population. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(6):1354–61. doi:10.1017/S0007114507871650.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Laaksonen M, Talala K, Martelin T, et al. Health behaviours as explanations for educational level differences in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a follow-up of 60 000 men and women over 23 years. Eur J Pub Health. 2008;18(1):38–43. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckm051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ahmed HN, Levitan EB, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Coffee consumption and risk of heart failure in men: an analysis from the Cohort of Swedish Men. Am Heart J. 2009;158(4):667–72. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. de Koning Gans JM, Uiterwaal CS, van der Schouw YT, et al. Tea and coffee consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(8):1665–71. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.201939.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Leurs LJ, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Total fluid and specific beverage intake and mortality due to IHD and stroke in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1212–21. doi:10.1017/S0007114510001923.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sugiyama K, Kuriyama S, Akhter M, et al. Coffee consumption and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in Japanese women. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):1007–13. doi:10.3945/jn.109.109314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mineharu Y, Koizumi A, Wada Y, et al. Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(3):230–40. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.097311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Kawado M, et al. Effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and total cancer mortality: findings from the JACC study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(4):285–93. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9548-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet CC, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R. Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. New Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1891–904. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Gardener H, Rundek T, Wright CB, Elkind MS, Sacco RL. Coffee and tea consumption are inversely associated with mortality in a multiethnic urban population. J Nutr. 2013;143(8):1299–308. doi:10.3945/jn.112.173807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(10):1066–74. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ding M, Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, et al. Association of Coffee consumption with total and cause-specific mortality in 3 large prospective cohorts. Circulation. 2015;132(24):2305–15. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Lof M, Sandin S, Yin L, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Prospective study of coffee consumption and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in Swedish women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0052-3.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Loftfield E, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, et al. Association of coffee consumption with overall and cause-specific mortality in a large US prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(12):1010–22. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Pereira MA. Beverage habits and mortality in Chinese adults. J Nutr. 2015;145(3):595–604. doi:10.3945/jn.114.200253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Saito E, Inoue M, Sawada N, et al. Association of coffee intake with total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):1029–37. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.104273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Micek A, Stefler D, Bobak M, Pajak A. Coffee consumption and mortality in three Eastern European countries: results from the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study. Public Health Nutr. 2016:1–10. doi:10.1017/S1368980016001749.

  52. Greenberg JA, Dunbar CC, Schnoll R, Kokolis R, Kokolis S, Kassotis J. Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: a prospective analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(2):392–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rosner SA, Akesson A, Stampfer MJ, Wolk A. Coffee consumption and risk of myocardial infarction among older Swedish women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(3):288–93. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cheng M, Hu Z, Lu X, Huang J, Gu D. Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Canadian J Cardiol. 2014;30(4):448–54. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mostofsky E, Rice MS, Levitan EB, Mittleman MA. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose-response meta-analysis. Circulation Heart Failure. 2012;5(4):401–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Guertin KA, Loftfield E, Boca SM, et al. Serum biomarkers of habitual coffee consumption may provide insight into the mechanism underlying the association between coffee consumption and colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):1000–11. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.096099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Pham NM, Nanri A, Yasuda K, et al. Habitual consumption of coffee and green tea in relation to serum adipokines: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):205–14. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0701-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter HC. Short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability and blood pressure in habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers - A randomized crossover study. Nutr Neurosci. 2015;. doi:10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000018.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Grosso G, Marventano S, Galvano F, Pajak A, Mistretta A. Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a mediterranean population: role of caffeinated beverages. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(4):327–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Liu H, Hu GH, Wang XC, et al. Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Cancer. 2015;67(3):392–400. doi:10.1080/01635581.2015.1004727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sang LX, Chang B, Li XH, Jiang M. Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:34. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Tian C, Wang W, Hong Z, Zhang X. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a dose-response analysis of observational studies. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(6):1265–8. doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0200-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Li YM, Peng J, Li LZ. Coffee consumption associated with reduced risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(4):381–9. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2015.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Topor-Madry R, Szafraniec K, Pajak A. Estimated dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study. Nutrition. 2014;30(11–12):1398–403. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Perez-Jimenez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1220–8. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.007096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remon A, Perez-Jimenez J, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: the PREDIMED study. Nutrition Metab Cardiovasc Dis NMCD. 2013;23(10):953–9. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Rothwell JA, et al. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Eur J Nutr. 2015;. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0950-x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zujko ME, Witkowska AM, Waskiewicz A, Sygnowska E. Estimation of dietary intake and patterns of polyphenol consumption in Polish adult population. Adv Med Sci. 2012;57(2):375–84. doi:10.2478/v10039-012-0026-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Grosso GSU, Micek A, Pikhart H, Bobak B, Pajak A. Dietary polyphenols are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Polish adults of the HAPIEE study. Eur J Nutr. 2016. (ahead of print).

  70. Lopez-Garcia E, van Dam RM, Qi L, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):888–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Onakpoya IJ, Spencer EA, Thompson MJ, Heneghan CJ. The effect of chlorogenic acid on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29(2):77–81. doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jin UH, Lee JY, Kang SK, et al. A phenolic compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), is a new type and strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor: isolation and identification from methanol extract of Euonymus alatus. Life Sci. 2005;77(22):2760–9. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cardenas C, Quesada AR, Medina MA. Anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of kahweol, a coffee diterpene. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8):e23407. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang S, Yoon YC, Sung MJ, Hur HJ, Park JH. Antiangiogenic properties of cafestol, a coffee diterpene, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;421(3):567–71. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cornelis MC, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(5):647–56. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Author contribution: GG designed the study, performed the study search and wrote the manuscript; AM performed the analyses; JG built the databases and the tables; AP and MAMG provided insights on methodology and content; ELG and FG provided expertise on the topic and drafted the paper (equal contribution). All authors critically revised the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrated Cancer Registry of Catania-Messina-Siracusa-Enna, Azienda Policlinico Universitaria “Vittorio Emanuele”, Via S. Sofia 85, 95123, Catania, Italy

    Giuseppe Grosso, Justyna Godos & Salvatore Sciacca

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

    Agnieszka Micek & Andrzej Pajak

  3. Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain

    Miguel A. Martínez-González

  4. CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel A. Martínez-González

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward L. Giovannucci

  6. Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward L. Giovannucci

  7. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward L. Giovannucci

  8. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Fabio Galvano

Authors
  1. Giuseppe Grosso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Agnieszka Micek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Justyna Godos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Salvatore Sciacca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrzej Pajak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Miguel A. Martínez-González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Edward L. Giovannucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fabio Galvano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giuseppe Grosso.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10654_2016_202_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 1. Dose-response association between coffee consumption and all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality stratified by gender. Solid lines represent relative risk, dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 168 kb)

10654_2016_202_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 2. Dose-response association between coffee consumption and all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality stratified by geographical area. Solid lines represent relative risk, dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 247 kb)

10654_2016_202_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 3. Dose-response association between coffee consumption and all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality stratified by year of publication. Solid lines represent relative risk, dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Supplementary material 3 (TIFF 168 kb)

10654_2016_202_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure 4. Dose-response association between coffee consumption and all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality stratified by type of coffee. Solid lines represent relative risk, dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Supplementary material 4 (TIFF 166 kb)

Supplementary material 5 (DOCX 101 kb)

Supplementary material 6 (DOCX 79 kb)

Supplementary material 7 (DOCX 110 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Grosso, G., Micek, A., Godos, J. et al. Coffee consumption and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in smokers and non-smokers: a dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 31, 1191–1205 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0202-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0202-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation