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Silicon: an essential element for plant nutrition and phytohormones signaling mechanism under stressful conditions

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Abstract

Silicon (Si) is one of the essential and important elements that plays a vital role in the growth and productivity of crop plants by improving their nutritional status. The exogenous application of Si activates plant defense and phytohormones signaling mechanisms under biotic and abiotic stresses. Different soil factors such as soil pH, texture, organic matter, and temperature significantly influence the bioavailability and solubility of Si in the soil system. However, the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Si within the plants depend upon Si-transporters including LSi1, LSi2, and LSi6 that are present in the roots of plants. From the past few decades, the role of Si in mineral nutrient deficiencies, toxicities, biotic and abiotic stresses is being explored in cereals crops. Si improves the plant resistance against pathogenic stress, salinity, drought, heat, and heavy metals by regulating the defense system. In addition, Si facilitates the uptake of essential nutrients and restricts metal ions by making conjugates, provides mechanical strength to plant cell wall, and enhances the resistance against unwanted environmental conditions. It potentially regulates phytohormones biosynthesis, improves photosynthetic attributes, and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes to reduce the harmful impacts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other toxic ions. Furthermore, the actual mechanisms behind Si-mediated alterations in plants under mineral nutrient stress are still unclear; however, a little literature is available on other abiotic stresses. Therefore, this study summarizes the findings from various investigations for better understanding the mechanism, regulation, and crosstalk among different phytohormones, micro- and macro-nutrient disorders, other biotic and abiotic stresses and their possible solutions in response to exogenous applications of Si (soil or foliar). Overall, this study suggested that Si supplementation significantly enhances the physio-biochemical attributes, defensive mechanism, hormonal regulation, and activates the regulation of expression pattern of stress responsive genes under stressful conditions.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the State’s Key Project of Research and Development Plan (2019YFC0507702), the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects (19ZD2NA002), Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (31971751), the open projects of Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (2020-ZJ-Y03), Foreign Youth Talent Project (QN2022175009L), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2021-ct21) for providing funds for this work. Furthermore, we also acknowledge the online webtool “Biorender” to make significant figures to interpret the ideas and findings of the presented study in pictorial form.

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  1. Imran Khan and Samrah Afzal Awan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730020, Lanzhou, China

    Imran Khan & Wengang Xie

  2. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China

    Samrah Afzal Awan

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rizwan

  4. Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia

    Marian brestic

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  1. Imran Khan
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  2. Samrah Afzal Awan
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  3. Muhammad Rizwan
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  4. Marian brestic
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  5. Wengang Xie
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Correspondence to Wengang Xie.

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Khan, I., Awan, S.A., Rizwan, M. et al. Silicon: an essential element for plant nutrition and phytohormones signaling mechanism under stressful conditions. Plant Growth Regul 100, 301–319 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00872-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00872-3

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