Abstract
Macrophages exhibit a high degree of plasticity that is physiologically relevant in wound healing, and disruption in normal macrophage response leads to delayed wound closure resulting in chronic wounds. Here, we attempt to discern macrophage responses to hemin via regulation of the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) that could help us better understand the pathophysiology of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). We demonstrate the alleviation of hemin-mediated Nrf2 suppression and M2 macrophage polarization by pterostilbene (PTS), a proven Nrf2 activator. IC-21 macrophages were treated with hemin under the normoglycemic or hyperglycemic environment with or without PTS and the expression levels of various markers, such as Nrf2 and its downstream target Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), CD206, Ferroportin-1 among others were analyzed using qPCR and Western blot. Our results revealed that hemin under hyperglycemia reduced Nrf2 activation and its downstream targets, M2 polarization, and the induction of a proinflammatory cellular environment, and interestingly all of these were remedied by PTS treatment. Gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP2) expression revealed that hemin under hyperglycemic condition significantly elevated MMP2 expression, which was reversed by PTS treatment. Further proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) revealed a heightened cellular stress profile accompanying inflammation that was suppressed by PTS. This study has furthered our understanding on the role of Nrf2 in attenuating hemin-induced perturbations in macrophage responses and suggests a potential therapeutic target in the management of DFU.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Takayoshi Suzuki from the National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan, and Prof. P. Rajaguru, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, India for their help in proteomic studies.
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India [Grant no. 2020-9621: 5/4/5-1/GIA-Endo/21-NCD-III].
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V. Ganesh, G., Ramkumar, K.M. Pterostilbene attenuates hemin-induced dysregulation of macrophage M2 polarization via Nrf2 activation in experimental hyperglycemia. Inflammopharmacol 31, 2133–2145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01134-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01134-y