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Evolving Human Brains: Paleoneurology and the Fate of Middle Pleistocene

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Abstract

In the evolutionary radiation of the human genus, we have observed changes in both brain size and proportions. Some of these morphological differences are thought to be associated with functional variations, in physiological or cognitive aspects, while some others are the secondary results of cortical or cranial structural constraints. Most archaic human species, like Homo erectus and H. heidelbergensis, display larger brains when compared with earlier hominids, but specializations in their cortical proportions, if there are any, are difficult to recognize. In contrast, after or during Middle Pleistocene, more derived species like H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis show changes in overall brain size but also in specific cerebral regions. Functions associated with body cognition, visuospatial integration, tool use, language, and social structure may be involved in these paleoneurological changes. Nonetheless, a proper evaluation of cognitive differences must take into account not only the cerebral components, but also the associated mechanisms underlying technological extension. Brain-body prosthetic capacity can have represented, indeed, a crucial adaptation to become obligatory tool users. These processes involve both genetic and environmental effects, and they are probably influent at phylogenetic (species) and historical (populations) level, bridging biological and cultural factors through epigenetic feedbacks that are still poorly known and scarcely investigated.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Marlize Lombard and Anders Högberg for inviting me to contribute to this volume on Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic. I am grateful to the many friends, students, and colleagues that have worked with me on the topics discussed in this article, including Sofia Pereira-Pedro, Annapaola Fedato, María Silva Gago, Alannah Pearson, Stana Eisová, Amélie Beaudet, Xiujie Wu, Naomichi Ogihara, James Rilling, Todd Preuss, Borja Esteve-Altava, Diego Rasskin-Gutman, Roberto Colom, Manuel Martín-Loeches, and many others. Three anonymous reviewers provided very fruitful comments to an early version of this article.

Funding

My research is supported by the Spanish Government (PGC2018-093925-B-C31).

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  1. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain

    Emiliano Bruner

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Correspondence to Emiliano Bruner.

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Bruner, E. Evolving Human Brains: Paleoneurology and the Fate of Middle Pleistocene. J Archaeol Method Theory 28, 76–94 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-020-09500-8

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