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Electromechanical actuators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) with [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2] and [C2mim] [C2SO4]

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Abstract

Actuators based on electroactive polymers are increasingly used in applications including microelectronic devices and artificial muscles, demanding low voltage operation and controllable switching response. This work reports on the preparation of electroactive actuators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites with 10, 25, and 40 wt% N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2]) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate ([C2mim][C2SO4]) ionic liquids (ILs) prepared by solvent casting. Independent of the IL type, its presence leads to the crystallization of PVDF in the piezoelectric β-phase. The degree of crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the samples strongly depends on ILs type and content. The highest electrical conductivity was found for PVDF/IL composites with 40 wt% of [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2]. The strain displacement and bending of the PVDF/IL composites were evaluated as a function of IL type and content under applied peak voltages of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 V at a frequency of 10 mHz. Strain displacement of the actuators depends more on IL content than on IL type, and the best strain bending response was found for the PVDF/IL composite with 25 wt% of [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2] at 5.0 V. Further, it is shown that [C2mim] [C2SO4]/PVDF composites do not show cytotoxic behavior, being suitable for biomedical applications.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013 and UID/Multi/04551/2013, projects PTDC/EEI-SII/5582/2014, PTDC/CTM-ENE/5387/2014, PEST-OE/EEA/UI04436/2015, and Grants SFRH/BD/90215/2012 (J.C.D.), SFRH/BD/111478/2015 (S.R.), SFRH/BPD/90870/2012 (C.R.), SFRH/BPD/112547/2015 (C.M.C.) and SFRH/BPD/107826/2015 (M.S.M.), and a FCT Investigator contract (J.M.S.S.E). The authors thank Solvay for kindly supplying the high-quality materials. The authors thank financial support from the Basque Government Industry Department under the ELKARTEK Program. SLM thanks the Diputación Foral de Bizkaia for financial support under the Bizkaia Talent program; European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme; Marie Curie Actions—People; Grant agreement no. 267230.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    J. C. Dias, S. Ribeiro, C. Ribeiro, C. M. Costa & S. Lanceros-Mendez

  2. Centro/Departamento de Química, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    J. C. Dias, M. M. Silva, G. Botelho & C. M. Costa

  3. CMEMS-UMinho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal

    M. S. Martins

  4. LARSyS, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    M. S. Martins

  5. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal

    J. M. S. S. Esperança

  6. CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    C. Ribeiro

  7. BCMaterials, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain

    S. Lanceros-Mendez

  8. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    S. Lanceros-Mendez

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  1. J. C. Dias
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  2. M. S. Martins
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Correspondence to C. Ribeiro.

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Dias, J.C., Martins, M.S., Ribeiro, S. et al. Electromechanical actuators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) with [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2] and [C2mim] [C2SO4]. J Mater Sci 51, 9490–9503 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0193-0

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