Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A new approach for preparation of metal-containing polyamide/carbon textile laminate composites with tunable electrical conductivity

  • Composites
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multiscale thermoplastic laminate composites based on polyamide 6 (PA6) dually reinforced by carbon fiber woven textile structures (CFT) and different micron-sized metal particles are prepared for the first time by microencapsulation strategy. In a first step, activated anionic ring-opening polymerization (AAROP) of ε-caprolactam is carried out in suspension, in the presence of different metal particles, to produce shell-core PA6 microcapsules (PAMC) loaded with 13–19% metal. In a second step, the loaded PAMC are distributed between CFT plies with fiber volume fractions Vf  = 0.25 or Vf = 0.50 and then the ply arrays are consolidated by compression molding. Separately, metal-loaded PA6 hybrid composites are prepared by direct compression molding of PAMC and used to compare their properties to the CFT-metal laminates. Light- and scanning electron microscopy are used to study the morphology and the interfaces between the fillers and the polymeric matrix. These structural results are related to the mechanical behavior in tension and the electrical properties. A notable increase of the d.c. electrical conductivity in 7 orders of magnitude is observed for the CFT-metal laminates with respect to the neat PA6. This increase is accompanied by a 2.5–3.0 times growth of the Young’s modulus and of the strength at break. It is concluded that the microencapsulation strategy can be applied to produce multifunctional CFT-metal-PA6 thermoplastic composites with tailored electrical and improved mechanical properties for advanced applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fogel M, Parlevliet P, Olivier P, Dantras É (2017) Manufacturing of conductive structural composites through spraying of CNTs/epoxy dispersions on dry carbon fiber plies. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 100:40–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hine PJ, Bonner M, Ward IM et al (2014) Hybrid carbon fibre/nylon 12 single polymer composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 65:19–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stavrov D, Bersee HEN (2005) Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites-an overview. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36:39–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Steenkamer DA, Sullivan JL (1998) On the recyclability of a cyclic thermoplastic composite material. Compos Part B Eng 29:745–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chang IY, Lees JK (1988) Recent development in thermoplastic composites: a review of matrix systems and processing methods. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 1:277–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Khondker OA, Ishiaku US, Nakai A, Hamada H (2005) Fabrication mechanical properties of unidirectional jute/PP composites using jute yarns by film stacking method. J Polym Environ 13:115–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Svensson N, Shishoo R, Gilchrist M (1998) Manufacturing of thermoplastic composites from commingled yarns: a review. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 11:22–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bernet N, Michaud V, Bourban P-E, Månson J-A (2001) Commingled yarn composites for rapid processing of complex shapes. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 32:1613–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sakaguchi M, Nakai A, Hamada H, Takeda N (2000) The mechanical properties of unidirectional thermoplastic composites manufactured by a micro-braiding technique. Compos Sci Technol 60:717–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. van Rijswijk K, Bersee HEN (2007) Reactive processing of textile fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: an overview. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 38:666–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sekiguchi H, Coutin B (1973) Polymerizability and related problems in the anionic polymerization of lactams. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 11:1601–1614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Provazník M, Puffr R, Šebenda J (1988) Dielectric properties of lactams and their significance in the polymerization process. Eur Polym J 24:511–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Luisier A, Bourban P-E, Månson J-AE (2003) Reaction injection pultrusion of PA12 composites: process and modelling. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 34:583–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cho B-G, McCarthy SP, Fanucci JP, Nolet SC (1996) Fiber reinforced nylon-6 composites produced by the reaction injection pultrusion process. Polym Compos 17:673–681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. van Rijswijk K, Bersee HEN, Jager WF, Picken SJ (2006) Optimisation of anionic polyamide-6 for vacuum infusion of thermoplastic composites: choice of activator and initiator. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 37:949–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. van Rijswijk K, Bersee HEN, Beukers A et al (2006) Optimisation of anionic polyamide-6 for vacuum infusion of thermoplastic composites: influence of polymerisation temperature on matrix properties. Polym Test 25:392–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Harkin-Jones E, Crawford R (1996) Rotational molding of liquid plastic systems: an assessment of material moldability. Adv Polym Technol 15:71–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Harkin-Jones E, Crawford RJ (1996) Mechanical properties of rotationally molded nyrim. Polym Eng Sci 36:615–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ying G, Yang G (2009) Manufacturing and physical properties of all-polyamide composites. J Mater Sci 44:4639–4644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3708-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dencheva N, Sampaio AS, Oliveira FM et al (2014) Preparation and properties of polyamide-6-based thermoplastic laminate composites by a novel in-mold polymerization technique. J Appl Polym Sci 131:40083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Guo Z, Sang L, Wang Z et al (2016) Deposition of copper thin films by plasma enhanced pulsed chemical vapor deposition for metallization of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Surf Coatings Technol 307:1059–1064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lupoi R, O’Neill W (2010) Deposition of metallic coatings on polymer surfaces using cold spray. Surf Coatings Technol 205:2167–2173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhou XL, Chen AF, Liu JC et al (2011) Preparation of metallic coatings on polymer matrix composites by cold spray. Surf Coatings Technol 206:132–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Che H, Vo P, Yue S (2017) Metallization of carbon fibre reinforced polymers by cold spray. Surf Coatings Technol 313:236–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Archambault G, Jodoin B, Gaydos S, Yandouzi M (2016) Metallization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite by cold spray and lay-up molding processes. Surf Coatings Technol 300:78–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kong K, Cheedarala RK, Kim M et al (2016) Electrical thermal heating and piezoresistive characteristics of hybrid CuO–woven carbon fiber/vinyl ester composite laminates. Compos Part A 85:103–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Oliveira F, Dencheva N, Martins P (2016) Reactive microencapsulation of carbon allotropes in polyamide shell-core structures and their transformation in hybrid composites with tailored electrical properties. EXPRESS Polym Lett 10:160–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Brêda C, Dencheva N, Lanceros-Mendez S, Denchev Z (2016) Preparation and properties of metal-containing polyamide hybrid composites via reactive microencapsulation. J Mater Sci 51:10534–10554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0274-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dencheva N, Denchev Z, Lanceros-Méndez S, Ezquerra Sanz T (2016) One-step in situ synthesis of polyamide microcapsules with inorganic payload and their transformation into responsive thermoplastic composite materials. Macromol Mater Eng 301:119–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dencheva NV, Vale DM, Denchev ZZ (2016) Dually reinforced all-polyamide laminate composites via microencapsulation strategy. Polym Eng Sci 57:806–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gürdal Z, Haftka RT, Hajela P (1999) Design and optimization of laminated composite materials. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dan F, Vasiliu-Oprea C (1998) Anionic polimerization of caprolactama in organic media. Morphological aspects. Colloid Polym Sci 276:483–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vasiliu-Oprea C, Dan F (1996) On the relation between synthesis parameters and morphology of anionic polycaproamide obtained in organic media. I. Influence of the Na[O(CH2)2OCH3]2AlH2/isophorone diisocyanate catalytic system. J Appl Polym Sci 62:1517–1527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ricco L, Monticelli O, Russo S et al (2002) Fast-activated anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam in suspension, 1. Role of the continuous phase on characteristics and properties of powdered PA6. Macromol Chem Phys 203:1436–1444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mendes SF, Costa CM, Serra RS et al (2012) Influence of filler size and concentration on the low and high temperature dielectric response of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 composites. J Polym Res 19:9967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lopes AC, Costa CM, Serra RS et al (2013) Dielectric relaxation, ac conductivity and electric modulus in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/NaY zeolite composites. Solid State Ionics 235:42–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Costa P, Silva J, Lanceros-Méndez S (2016) Strong increase of the dielectric response of carbon nanotube/poly(vinilidene fluoride) composites induced by carbon nanotube type and pre-treatment. Compos Part B Eng 93:310–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the project TSSiPRO NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000015, supported by the regional operation program NORTE2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund, as well as funding from FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within the strategic projects UID/CTM/50025/2013, LA25/2013-2014 and UID/FIS/04650/2013. FMO acknowledges also the PhD grant PD/BD/114372/2016 of FCT-Portugal (AdvaMTech—PhD Program in Advanced Materials and Processing) and PM the FCT SFRH/BPD/96227/2013 grant. Finally, ZZD is thankful to FCT for the SFRH/BSAB/130271/2017 personal research grant. Finally, SLM acknowledges funding from the Basque Government Industry Department under the ELKARTEK program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal

    Filipa Oliveira, Nadya Dencheva & Zlatan Denchev

  2. Center/Department of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    Pedro Martins & Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez

  3. BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain

    Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez

  4. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez

Authors
  1. Filipa Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nadya Dencheva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pedro Martins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zlatan Denchev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zlatan Denchev.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Oliveira, F., Dencheva, N., Martins, P. et al. A new approach for preparation of metal-containing polyamide/carbon textile laminate composites with tunable electrical conductivity. J Mater Sci 53, 11444–11459 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2435-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2435-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation