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Effect of sintering temperature on the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Ni–Cu–Zn and Ni–Cu–Zn–Sc ferrites

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Abstract

Polycrystalline Ni0.3Cu0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 and Ni0.3Cu0.2Zn0.5Sc0.05Fe1.95O4 compounds have been prepared by standard solid-state reaction technique and sintered at 1000, 1100, 1150, 1200, and 1250 °C for 5 h in air. The effect of sintering temperature on the structural, morphological, magnetic, dielectric, and electrical properties of these spinel ferrites has been studied thoroughly and comparatively. Formation of the single-phase cubic spinel structure of these compositions is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The lattice constant increases with sintering temperature as well as with 5% scandium (Sc3+) doping in Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite. Surface morphology reveals that the grain size increases with sintering temperature. Among the prepared ferrites, Ni0.3Cu0.2Zn0.5Sc0.05Fe1.95O4 has the maximum density (5.05 × 103 kg/m3) at sintering temperature 1150 °C, which gives the highest value of initial permeability. It is observed that initial permeability varies with sintering temperature, and it gives the maximum value at optimum sintering temperature. It is noted that Curie temperature decreases with 5% Sc3+ ions doping, whereas it slightly increases with increasing sintering temperature for both compositions. Ni0.3Cu0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 compound shows the highest Curie temperature 418 °C. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC electrical conductivity decrease with 5% Sc3+ ions doping in Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite. The initial permeability decreases sharply at Curie temperature, which indicates a high degree of compositional homogeneity. The ‘Hopkinson’ peak is observed just below the Curie temperature in the real part of initial permeability versus temperature graphs. The mechanism of dielectric polarization and electrical conductivity has been explained based on the electron hopping between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions. The variation trend of complex impedance and AC electrical conductivity reveals the semiconducting behavior of the ferrite samples. Formation of partial semicircles in the Z/-axis indicates that relaxation process is non-Debye type. The investigated ferrites show relatively high initial permeability, low magnetic loss, and low electrical conductivity in a wide frequency range, which make them potential candidate for various practical applications such as small and compact power suppliers for computers, microprocessors, microwave electronic devices, etc.

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Availability of data and material

The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data are a part of the ongoing studies. Partial data can be shared upon request. Reagent-grade powders of CuO (≥ 99.9%), NiO (≥ 99.9%), ZnO (≥ 99.9%), Fe2O3 (≥ 99.9%), and Sc2O3 (≥ 99.99%) were used to prepare the proposed ferrites. All the raw oxides have been procured from Sigma Aldrich, Germany.

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Acknowledgements

Md. Harun-Or-Rashid is grateful to the Solid-State Physics Laboratory of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh for allowing to do this research. This research is financially supported by Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Code-3632104, FY 2019-2020, S/N 14, 01.10.2019).

Funding

This research is financially supported by Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Code-3632104, FY 2019-2020, S/N 14, 01.10.2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh

    Md. Harun-Or-Rashid

  2. Faculty of Science and Humanities, Bangladesh Army International University of Science and Technology, Cumilla, 3501, Bangladesh

    M. Nazrul Islam

  3. Department of Mathematics and Physics, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh

    M. Arifuzzaman

  4. Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    A. K. M. Akther Hossain

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MH-O-R: conceptualization, funding acquisition, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing—review and editing. MNI: formal analysis, writing—review and editing. MA: formal analysis, writing—review and editing. AKMAH: lab facilities, overall supervision.

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Harun-Or-Rashid, M., Islam, M.N., Arifuzzaman, M. et al. Effect of sintering temperature on the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of Ni–Cu–Zn and Ni–Cu–Zn–Sc ferrites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 2505–2523 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-05018-7

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