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Characterization of defect structures in nanoscaled W-doped \({\text {TiO}_2}\) tested as supercapacitor electrode materials

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Abstract

In this work, Tungsten(W)-doped \({\text {TiO}_2}\) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel method and were used as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples were analyzed by means of XRD, STEM, TEM, and XPS. The analysis of the defect centers was carried out using EPR spectroscopy. The electrochemical analysis of the assembled supercapacitor was done using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation technique, potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltage-holding experiments. All the presented samples showed paramagnetic defects in the EPR analysis, while 0.5% W-doped \({\text {TiO}_2}\) showed a maximum signal intensity. The supercapacitor performance from the synthesized electrode material showed highly encouraging results. The equivalent series resistance (R\(_{\text{s}}\)) value for all the designs showed values under “1 \(\Omega\),” which reflects high conductivity. As the maximum EPR intensity comes from \({\text {TiO}_2}\) doped with 0.5% W, the supercapacitor performance of this sample was tested with a newly designed five-electrode system. This design showed superior performance compared to any other used designs with a specific capacitance of 25.5 F g\(^{-1}\), with an energy density of 14.16 Wh kg\(^{-1}\) at 302 kW kg\(^{-1}\).

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

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Funding

This study is supported by a research grant from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK, Grant No: 118C243) in the frame of the 2232-International Fellowship for Outstanding Researchers. EE and AUA greatly acknowledge the financial support of TÜBITAK. This work was supported by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, Core Program, Project PN19 35 02 03. AMR, MS, SM, ST, OP, and CL greatly acknowledge the financial support. This work was supported by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, Core Program PN19-03 (Contract No. 21N/08.02.2019). IDV greatly acknowledges the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ameen Uddin Ammar & Emre Erdem

  2. National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat St., 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Maria Stefan, Sergiu Gabriel Macavei, Septimiu Tripon, Ovidiu Pana, Cristian Leostean & Arpad Mihai Rostas

  3. National Institute of Materials Physics, str. Atomistilor 405A, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania

    Ioana Dorina Vlaicu

Authors
  1. Ameen Uddin Ammar
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Contributions

AUA contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, writing of the original draft preparation, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript; MS contributed to investigation, methodology, validation, and writing of the original draft preparation; SGM contributed to investigation and software; ST contributed to formal analysis; OP contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, validation, and writing of the original draft preparation; CL contributed to data curation, formal analysis, investigation, and validation; IDV contributed to conceptualization, data curation, supervision, validation, writing of the original draft preparation, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript; AMR contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing of the original draft preparation, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript; EE contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing of the original draft preparation, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Arpad Mihai Rostas or Emre Erdem.

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Ammar, A.U., Stefan, M., Macavei, S.G. et al. Characterization of defect structures in nanoscaled W-doped \({\text {TiO}_2}\) tested as supercapacitor electrode materials. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 98 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09540-8

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