Abstract
Meaning in life and life satisfaction are both important variables in well-being research. Whereas an appreciable body of work suggests that life satisfaction is fairly stable over long periods of time, little research has investigated the stability of meaning in life ratings. In addition, it is unknown whether these highly correlated variables change independent of each other over time. Eighty-two participants (mean age = 19.3 years, SD 1.4; 76% female; 84% European-American) completed measures of the presence of meaning in life, the search for meaning in life, and life satisfaction an average of 13 months apart (SD = 2.3 months). Moderate stability was found for presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life, and life satisfaction. Multiple regressions demonstrated specificity in predicting change among these measures. Support for validity and reliability of these variables is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antonovsky A., (1987). Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well Jossey-Bass San Francisco
Bazana P.G., Stelmack R.M., (2004). Stability of personality across the life span: A meta-analysis In Stelmack R.M., (Ed.), On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman Elsevier Science New York (pp. 113–144)
Chamberlain K., Zika S., (1988). Religiosity, life meaning, and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 27: 411–420
Compton W.C., Smith M.L., Cornish K.A., Qualls D.L., (1996) Factor structure of mental health measures Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71: 406–413
Crumbaugh J.C., Maholick L.T., (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis Journal of Clinical Psychology 20: 200–207
Diener E., (2000). Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index American Psychologist 55: 34–43
Diener E., Emmons R.A., Larsen R.J., Griffin S., (1985). The satisfaction with life scale Journal of Personality Assessment 49: 71–75
Diener E., Seligman M.E.P., (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5: 1–31
Diener E., Suh E.M., Lucas R.E., Smith H.L., (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress Psychological Bulletin 125: 276–302
Ehrhardt J.J., Saris W.F., Veenhoven R., (2000). Stability of life satisfaction over time Journal of Happiness Studies 1: 177–205
Frankl V.E., (1963). Man’s Search for Meaning: an Introduction to Logotherapy Washington Square Press New York
Frenz A.W., Carey M.P., Jorgensen R.S., (1993). Psychometric evaluation of Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Scale Psychological Assessment 5: 145–153
Fujita F. Diener E., (2005). Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88: 158–164
Harlow L.L., Newcomb M.D., Bentler P.M., (1986). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor Journal of Clinical Psychology 42: 5–21
King L.A., Hicks J.A., Krull J.L., Del Gaiso A.K., (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 179–196
Klinger E., (1977). Meaning and Void University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis, MN
Lent R.W., (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment Journal of Counseling Psychology 51: 482–509
Lopez, S.J. and C.R. Snyder (eds): 2003, Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC)
Lucas R.E., (2005). Time does not heal all wounds: A longitudinal study of reaction and adaptation to divorce Psychological Science 16: 945–950
Lucase R.E., Clark A.E., Georgellis Y., Diener E., (2004). Unemployment alters the set-point of life satisfaction Psychological Science 15: 8–13
Lucas R.E., Diener E., Suh E., (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71: 616–628
Maddi S.R., (1970). The search for meaning In Page M., (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation University of Nebraska Press Lincoln, NE (pp. 137–186)
Magnus K., Diener E., Fujita F., Pavot W., (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 1046–1053
Nicholson T., Higgins W., Turner P., James S., Stickle F., Pruitt T., (1994). The relation between meaning in life and the occurrence of drug abuse: A retrospective study Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 8: 24–28
Pavot W.G., Diener. E., (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale Psychological Assessment 5: 164–172
Pinion G.A., (1995). Test–retest reliability of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 55: 3485
Ryff C.D., (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 1069–1081
Ryff C.D., Singer B., (1998). The contours of positive human health Psychological Inquiry 9: 1–28
Schimmack U., Oishi S., (2005). The influence of chronically and temporarily accessible information on life satisfaction judgments Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89: 395–406
Schwartz N., Strack F., (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications In Kahneman D., Diener E., Schwartz N., (Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russel Sage New York (pp. 61–84)
Seligman M.E.P., Csikszentmihalyi M., (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction American Psychologist 55: 5–14
Seligman M.E.P., Steen T.A., Park N., Peterson C., (2005). Positive psychology practice: Empirical validation of interventions American Psychologist 60: 410–421
Steger, M.F.: 2005, The development and validation of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation
Steger M.F., Frazier P., Oishi S., Kaler M., (2006a). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life Journal of Counseling Psychology 53: 80–93
Steger, M.F., P. Frazier and J.L. Zacchanini: in press, ‘Terrorism in two cultures: Traumatization and existential protective factors following the September 11th attacks and the Madrid train bombings’, Journal of Trauma and Loss
Steger, M.F., T.B. Kashdan, B.A. Sullivan and D. Lorentz: 2006b, ‘The search for meaning in life: Basis in personality and cognitive style, and implications for psychosocial functioning’, Manuscript under review
Suh E., Diener E., Fujita F., (1996). Events and subjective well-being: Only recent events matter Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70: 1091–1102
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Steger, M.F., Kashdan, T.B. Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year. J Happiness Stud 8, 161–179 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9011-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9011-8