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Free-standing and binder-free porous monolithic electrodes prepared via sol–gel processes

  • Invited Paper: Sol-gel and hybrid materials for energy, environment and building applications
  • Published:
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Electrochemical devices that harvest or store electrical energy are indispensable to our daily life and are currently of growing importance in the future prosperity of the world economy. The sol–gel technology has contributed substantially to the development of electrode materials and electrocatalysts, particularly in terms of the synthesis of nano-sized and/or nanostructured particles. As with the other application fields, nanomaterials with enriched active surface sites can enhance electrode performance, and hence, have been substituted for the classical low-surface-area electrodes like rods and plates. However, the powdery nanomaterials need to be fixed on an electrode substrate in a mixture with binders and conductive agents, which imposes several drawbacks especially in fundamental research. In this context, free-standing and binder-free monolithic electrodes bearing rationally designed nanostructures have emerged as advanced electrode materials based on the concept of incorporating the nanomaterials into the classical bulky electrodes. This review focuses on the recent progress in porous monolithic electrodes with special concern for those with three-dimensionally interconnected porous structures prepared via the sol–gel processes accompanied by phase separation. In addition to the synthesis and pore control for various electrode materials, the insights garnered from the electrochemical investigations on the porous monolithic electrodes are overviewed.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

  • Synthesis and pore control of electronically conductive monolithic materials via a variety of sol–gel reactions accompanied by phase separation are overviewed.

  • Free-standing and binder-free electrodes based on the porous conductive monoliths have various advantages over the conventional composite electrodes derived from powdery electrode materials.

  • Electrochemical applications of each porous monolithic electrode such as supercapacitors and rechargeable Li-ion and Na-ion batteries are introduced.

  • Based on the findings obtained with the porous monolithic electrodes, the insights and guidelines for designing electrodes are proposed.

  • Porous monolithic electrodes with controlled pore properties are not only useful for the fundamental research but also promising to develop advanced energy storage devices.

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Acknowledgements

The author is indebted to Profs. Kazuki Nakanishi, Kazuyoshi Kanamori and Takeshi Abe (Kyoto University) for their continuous support and fruitful discussions. Special thanks go to all coworkers, collaborators and students for their contributions to the author’s research quoted here. The author also wishes to acknowledge the financial supports such as Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and JST FOREST Program (Grant Number JPMJFR2021, Japan).

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  1. Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    George Hasegawa

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Hasegawa, G. Free-standing and binder-free porous monolithic electrodes prepared via sol–gel processes. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 103, 637–679 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05862-5

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