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A review of numerical investigation on pool boiling

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Abstract

The rapid development of industrial technology and the increasing computational power have provided the possibility to improve the accuracy of multiphase flow field simulation studies. In addition, the chaotic nature of boiling phenomena increases the difficulty of experimental studies, and there is an urgent need to improve the computational methods to meet the needs of industrial applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the published literatures on the study of pool boiling using computational methods in the last two decades, including macroscopic-scale computational methods based on continuous medium theory, mesoscopic-scale methods based on lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), and nanoscale molecular dynamics. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to study bubble dynamics, including nucleation mechanisms, bubble growth, bubble detachment, and nucleation sites density, are evaluated based on different modeling features and phase change mechanisms. After considering micro-layer evaporation, wall convection, and transient conduction in the macroscopic scale model, the shape diffraction of isolated bubbles and departure diameters obtained by the macroscopic approach agree well with experimental data, and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute model achieves promising results for the simulation of low concentration nanofluids as well. The coupling of Shan–Chen model (S–C model) and Peng–Robinson (P–R) equation of state and considering the thermal lattice Boltzmann approach can effectively solve the phase separation problem, and the simulation results can match the theoretical analysis with the highest accuracy. In addition to the above results, a complete boiling heat transfer curve was successfully simulated for the first time using the LBM method. Molecular dynamics provides an in-depth mechanistic explanation of nucleation of nanobubbles in microstructures and on different wettability surfaces in terms of free energy and pressure fluctuations. Although different methods have achieved different degrees of success in pool boiling simulations, problems of boundary capture and heat and mass transfer near macroscopic methods, mesh accuracy in mesoscopic methods, treatment of density ratios and error terms, and accuracy of gas–liquid interfaces in molecular dynamics methods still limit the development of numerical computation. Therefore, this review also presents the challenges and future directions of simulation methods for modeling at different scales from the authors' perspective. Multi-scale coupling methods will be highlighted as an important goal to accommodate the development of advanced pool boiling simulations.

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Abbreviations

c s :

Lattice sound velocity

D :

Bubble departure diameter

E :

Specific internal energy

E ik :

Kinetic energy time average value

e i :

Lattice velocities

F :

Fraction of phase in computational cell

\(\overrightarrow {F}_{{\text{s}}}\) :

Force

\(f_{{\text{i}}}\) :

Discrete density distribution function

f i (eq) :

Equilibrium distribution function

H :

Heaviside function

h :

Cell width

g :

Gravitational acceleration

k :

Effective thermal conductivity

k B :

Boltzmann constant

M :

Orthogonal transformation matrix

p :

Pressure

Q :

Energy source term for energy equation

S :

Source term in thermal LB equation

T :

Temperature

t :

Time

\(\overrightarrow {u}\) :

Velocity vector

w i :

Weights

\(\alpha\) :

Non-dimensional parameter

β :

Weighting factor

ɛ :

Energy of interaction

\(\delta_{\mathrm {t}}\) :

Time step

ρ :

Density

\(\sigma\) :

Equilibrium distance

\(\tau_{\mathrm {f}}\) :

Relaxation time

μ :

Dynamic viscosity

φ :

Chemical potential

\(\psi\) :

Level-set function; effective mass

Λ:

Diagonal matrix

ALE:

Arbitrary Lagrange–Eulerian method

BGK:

Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CHF:

Critical heat flux

CML:

Coupled map lattice method

CLSVOF:

Coupled level-set and volume of fluid

CHARMM:

Chemistry at Harvard macromolecular mechanics

DVDWT:

The dynamic van der Waals theory

DnQm:

N Dimensional m velocity

EOS:

The equation of state

FTM:

Front tracking method

FLAIR:

Flux line-segment model for advection and interface reconstruction

GROMACS:

GROningen MAchine for Chemical Simulations

GROMOS:

GROningen MOlecular Simulation

HFP:

Heat flux partitioning

Kn:

Knudsen number

LAMMPS:

The large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator

LBM:

Lattice Boltzmann method

LS:

Level set

LJ:

Lennard–Jones

MAC:

Marker and cell method

MCMP:

Multiphase multicomponent

MD:

Molecular dynamic

MRT:

Multi-relaxation time

N–S:

Navier–Stokes

NVT:

Canonical ensemble

NVE:

Microcanonical ensemble

P–R:

Peng–Robinson

PFM:

Phase field method

PLIC:

Piecewise linear interface construction

RPI:

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

S–C:

Shan–Chen

SLIC:

Simple line interface calculation

SRT:

Single relaxation time

VOF:

Volume of fluid

VOSET:

Coupled volume of fluid and level set

2D:

Two dimensional

3D:

Three dimensional

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52276019, 51976146) and the authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Hantao Jiang & Yingwen Liu

  2. School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, 2423002, People’s Republic of China

    Huaqiang Chu

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  1. Hantao Jiang
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HJ did writing, original draft, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, software, data curation, and formal analysis. YL was involved in supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. HC performed resources, supervision, and project administration.

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Jiang, H., Liu, Y. & Chu, H. A review of numerical investigation on pool boiling. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 8697–8745 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12292-0

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