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Oxidation Behavior of Candidate NiCr Alloys for Engine Exhaust Valves: Part I—Effect of Minor Alloying Elements

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Abstract

Oxidation-induced degradation of structural materials employed as exhaust valves within internal combustion engines (ICEs) will be a relevant life-limiting mechanism, in addition to creep and mechanical fatigue, due to ever-increasing severity of operating temperatures and pressures. Ni–Cr-based alloys, which form external chromia-based scales at the relevant operating temperatures are being considered as suitable candidate materials. Thermal cycling of these alloys in water vapor-containing atmospheres, such as those present during hydrocarbon fuel combustion within ICEs, can considerably influence their oxidation behavior. In this study, the role of typical alloying additions such as Mn, Si, Al and Ti on the cyclic oxidation behavior of model NiCr–X (X = Mn,Si,Al,Ti) alloys exposed in dry air and air + 10% \(\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}\) at \(800\, ^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) and \(950\, ^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) was investigated. Combined additions of Mn and Si reduced scaling rates compared to binary Ni–22Cr alloys. The presence of water vapor possibly suppressed formation of NiMnCr spinel and thereby the Cr depletion in the alloy. Combined Al and Ti additions mainly resulted in accelerated oxidation kinetics due to the Ti doping of chromia scales. More porous external scales were observed in water vapor leading to a much deeper depth of nitridation in the Ni–22Cr–Al–Ti alloys.

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Acknowledgements

G. Garner and G. Cox assisted with the experimental work at ORNL. V. Cox is thanked for metallographic preparation. T. Lowe is thanked for helping with microstructural characterization. P. Tortorelli and M. Brady are thanked for their valuable comments on the paper. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Vehicle Technologies, Powertrain Materials Core Program.

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  1. Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6156, USA

    R. Pillai, M. Romedenne, J. A. Haynes & B. A. Pint

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Pillai, R., Romedenne, M., Haynes, J.A. et al. Oxidation Behavior of Candidate NiCr Alloys for Engine Exhaust Valves: Part I—Effect of Minor Alloying Elements. Oxid Met 95, 157–187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-020-10017-4

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