Abstract
Purpose
We analyze the influence of the dramatic changes in the Spanish labor market during the crisis on the perceived health of the Spanish population.
Methods
We use the longitudinal Living Conditions Survey database and multilevel longitudinal logistic models between 2007 and 2011, before and during the economic crisis in one of the European countries most affected by its consequences.
Results
Unemployment (OR 1.75; p < 0.001), job insecurity (OR 1.38; p < 0.001), and being part of a household with severe material deprivation (OR 1.87; p = 0.004) increase the risk of having worsened perceived health. Available income, on the other hand, is a protective factor (OR 0.72; p < 0.001). Public expenditure policies have little impact on the perceived health. Labor market reforms reducing the degree of job insecurity and unemployment, together with income transfers to those at greater risk of social deprivation, can be more effective in improving the health of the population than the increase of aggregated social or health care expenditure.
Conclusions
This study provides evidence of the influence that unemployment, job insecurity, and poverty exert on the perceived health of individuals, with data collected in Spain after the onset of the financial crisis. In addition, after analyzing public social expenditure, only expenditure on FPS seems to influence self-reported health, although to a very limited degree.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The National Statistics Institute (INE) calculates response rates at 85.5% for 2007, 89% for 2008, 89% for 2009, 89% for 2010, and 87% for 2011.
Also named intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
References
McKee, M., Karanikolos, M., Belcher, P., & Stuckler, D. (2012). Austerity: A failed experiment on the people of Europe. Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 12(4), 346–350.
De-Vogli, R. (2014). The financial crisis, health and health inequities in Europe: The need for regulations, redistribution and social protection. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0058-6.
Herrero, C., Soler, Á, & Villar, A. (2012). La pobreza en España y sus comunidades autónomas 2006–2011 (Informe Bancaja-Ivie) (p. 38). València: Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas.
INE. (2013). Nota de prensa. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2011–2012. Retrieved March 7, 2016 from http://www.ine.es/prensa/np770.pdf.
Llano Ortiz, J. C. (2015). El estado de la pobreza. 5° informe. Seguimiento del indicador de riesgo de pobreza y exclusión social en España (2009–2014). (No. 5° informe) (p. 163). EAPN-España.
Pérez García, F., Tormo, C., V., & Hernández Lahiguera, L. (2015). Servicios públicos, diferencias territoriales e igualdad de oportunidades (Informe BBVA-Ivie) (p. 248). Fundación BBVA-Ivie. Retrieved from http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/INFORME_SERVICIOS_PUBLICOS_FUNDAMENTALES%20_FBBVA-IVIE.pdf.
Morcillo Cebolla, V., de Lorenzo-Cáceres Ascanio, A., Domínguez Ruiz de León, P., Rodríguez Barrientos, R., & Torijano Castillo, M. J. (2014). Desigualdades en la salud autopercibida de la población española mayor de 65 años. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28(6), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.05.008.
Sargent-Cox, K. A., Anstey, K. J., & Luszcz, M. A. (2010). The choice of self-rated health measures matter when predicting mortality: Evidence from 10 years follow-up of the Australian longitudinal study of ageing. BMC Geriatrics, 10, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-10-18.
Singh-Manoux, A., Martikainen, P., Ferrie, J., Zins, M., Marmot, M., & Goldberg, M. (2006). What does self rated health measure? Results from the British Whitehall II and French Gazel cohort studies. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(4), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.039883.
Chemaitelly, H., Kanaan, C., Beydoun, H., Chaaya, M., Kanaan, M., & Sibai, A. M. (2013). The role of gender in the association of social capital, social support, and economic security with self-rated health among older adults in deprived communities in Beirut. Quality of Life Research, 22(6), 1371–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0273-9.
Regidor, E., Barrio, G., Bravo, M. J., & de la Fuente, L. (2014). Has health in Spain been declining since the economic crisis? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(3), 280–282. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202944.
Aguilar-Palacio, I., Carrera-Lasfuentes, P., & Rabanaque, M. J. (2015). Salud percibida y nivel educativo en España: tendencias por comunidades autónomas y sexo (2001–2012). Gaceta Sanitaria, 29(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.07.004.
Calzón Fernández, S., Fernández Ajuria, A., López del Amo González, M. P., & Martín Martín, J. J. (2017). Diferencias por sexo de la salud percibida antes y durante la crisis económica (2007 y 2011). Revista Española de Salud Pública, 91(1), e1–e12.
Bambra, C., & Eikemo, T. A. (2009). Welfare state regimes, unemployment and health: A comparative study of the relationship between unemployment and self-reported health in 23 European countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.077354.
Limm, H., Heinmüller, M., Liel, K., Seeger, K., Gündel, H., Kimil, A., & Angerer, P. (2012). Factors associated with differences in perceived health among German long-term unemployed. BMC Public Health, 12, 485. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-485.
Böckerman, P., & Ilmakunnas, P. (2009). Unemployment and self-assessed health: Evidence from panel data. Health Economics, 18(2), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1361.
Huijts, T., McKee, M., Reeves, A., & Stuckler, D. (2014). PP45 Job loss and self-rated health during the crisis: The mitigating effect of social protection expenditure in 23 European countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(Suppl 1), A65. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204726.140.
Tøge, A. G., & Blekesaune, M. (2015). Unemployment transitions and self-rated health in Europe: A longitudinal analysis of EU-SILC from 2008 to 2011. Social Science & Medicine, 143, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.040.
Shahidi, F. V., Siddiqi, A., & Muntaner, C. (2016). Does social policy moderate the impact of unemployment on health? A multilevel analysis of 23 welfare states. The European Journal of Public Health, 26(2), ckw050. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw050.
Drydakis, N. (2015). The effect of unemployment on self-reported health and mental health in Greece from 2008 to 2013: A longitudinal study before and during the financial crisis. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.025.
Urbanos-Garrido, R. M., & González López-Valcárcel, B. (2013). Desempleo y salud: un análisis de la repercusión de la crisis económica sobre la salud de los españoles. Estudios de economía aplicada, 31(2), 2–24.
Urbanos-Garrido, R. M., & González López-Valcárcel, B. (2014). The influence of the economic crisis on the association between unemployment and health: An empirical analysis for Spain. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-014-0563-y.
Cheng, Y., Chen, C.-W., Chen, C.-J., & Chiang, T. (2005). Job insecurity and its association with health among employees in the Taiwanese general population. Social Science & Medicine, 61(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.039.
Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, P., Elovainio, M., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Temporary employment and health: A review. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(3), 610–622. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi024.
Lau, B., & Knardahl, S. (2008). Perceived job insecurity, job predictability, personality, and health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(2), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815c89a1.
Erlinghagen, M. (2008). Self-perceived job insecurity and social context: A multi-level analysis of 17 European Countries. European Sociological Review, 24(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm042.
László, K. D., Pikhart, H., Kopp, M. S., Bobak, M., Pajak, A., Malyutina, S., Marmot, M. (2010). Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 70(6–3), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.022.
Lim, H., Kimm, H., & Song, I. H. (2015). The relationship between employment status and self-rated health among wage workers in South Korea: The moderating role of household income. Health & Social Work, 40(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlu042.
Mannocci, A., Natali, A., Colamesta, V., Boccia, A., & La Torre, G. (2014). How are the temporary workers? Quality of life and burn-out in a call center temporary employment in Italy: A pilot observational study. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanità, 50(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_14_02_08.
Bosmans, K., Hardonk, S., De Cuyper, N., & Vanroelen, C. (2016). Explaining the relation between precarious employment and mental well-being. A qualitative study among temporary agency workers. Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 53(2), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152136.
Kim, W., Park, E.-C., Lee, T.-H., & Kim, T. H. (2016). Effect of working hours and precarious employment on depressive symptoms in South Korean employees: A longitudinal study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 73(12), 816–822. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103553.
Fiori, F., Rinesi, F., Spizzichino, D., & Di Giorgio, G. (2016). Employment insecurity and mental health during the economic recession: An analysis of the young adult labour force in Italy. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.010.
Mohren, D. C. L., Swaen, G. M. H., Van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., Borm, P. J. A., & Galama, J. (2003). Job insecurity as a risk factor for common infections and health complaints. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000052954.59271.2f.
Swaen, G. M. H., Bültmann, U., Kant, I., & Van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M. (2004). Effects of job insecurity from a workplace closure threat on fatigue and psychological distress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(5), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000126024.14847.f8.
Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Newman, K., Stansfeld, S. A., & Marmot, M. (2005). Self-reported job insecurity and health in the Whitehall II study: Potential explanations of the relationship. Social Science & Medicine, 60(7), 1593–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.006.
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Bültmann, U. (2008). Job insecurity, chances on the labour market and decline in self-rated health in a representative sample of the Danish workforce. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(3), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.059113.
Vives, A., Amable, M., Ferrer, M., Moncada, S., Llorens, C., Muntaner, C., Benach, J. (2013). Employment precariousness and poor mental health: Evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health, employment precariousness and poor mental health: Evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013, e978656. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/978656.
Benach, J., Julià, M., Tarafa, G., Mir, J., Molinero, E., & Vives, A. (2015). La precariedad laboral medida de forma multidimensional: distribución social y asociación con la salud en Cataluña. Gaceta Sanitaria, 29(5), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.04.002.
OECD. (2015). Chapter 1. Overview of inequality trends, key findings and policy directions. In In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All (pp. 19–58). Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264235120-en.
Miething, A. (2013). A matter of perception: Exploring the role of income satisfaction in the income–mortality relationship in German survey data 1995–2010. Social Science & Medicine, 99, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.017.
Arber, S., Fenn, K., & Meadows, R. (2014). Subjective financial well-being, income and health inequalities in mid and later life in Britain. Social Science & Medicine, 100, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.016.
Aittomäki, A., Martikainen, P., Laaksonen, M., Lahelma, E., & Rahkonen, O. (2012). Household economic resources, labour-market advantage and health problems—A study on causal relationships using prospective register data. Social Science & Medicine, 75(7), 1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.015.
Aittomäki, A., Martikainen, P., Rahkonen, O., & Lahelma, E. (2014). Household income and health problems during a period of labour-market change and widening income inequalities—A study among the Finnish population between 1987 and 2007. Social Science & Medicine, 100, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.023.
Schütte, S., Chastang, J.-F., Parent-Thirion, A., Vermeylen, G., & Niedhammer, I. (2014). Association between socio-demographic, psychosocial, material and occupational factors and self-reported health among workers in Europe. Journal of Public Health, 36(2), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt050.
Saito, M., Kondo, K., Kondo, N., Abe, A., Ojima, T., Suzuki, K., & Group, theJ. (2014). Relative deprivation, poverty, and subjective health: JAGES cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e111169. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111169.
Kinderman, P., Tai, S., Pontin, E., Schwannauer, M., Jarman, I., & Lisboa, P. (2015). Causal and mediating factors for anxiety, depression and well-being. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 456–460. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147553.
Kiely, K. M., Leach, L. S., Olesen, S. C., & Butterworth, P. (2015). How financial hardship is associated with the onset of mental health problems over time. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(6), 909–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1027-0.
Blázquez, M., Cottini, E., & Herrarte, A. (2013). The socioeconomic gradient in health: How important is material deprivation? The Journal of Economic Inequality, 12(2), 239–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-013-9248-5.
Ferrarini, T., Nelson, K., & Sjöberg, O. (2014). Unemployment insurance and deteriorating self-rated health in 23 European countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203721.
Ng, E., & Muntaner, C. (2015). Welfare generosity and population health among Canadian provinces: A time-series cross-sectional analysis, 1989–2009. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205385.
Legido-Quigley, H., Otero, L., Parra, D., la Alvarez-Dardet, C., Martin-Moreno, J. M., & McKee, M. (2013). Will austerity cuts dismantle the Spanish healthcare system? BMJ, 346, f2363. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2363.
Urbanos Garrido, R., & Puig-Junoy, J. (2014). Políticas de austeridad y cambios en las pautas de uso de los servicios sanitarios. Informe SESPAS 2014. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.02.013.
Benach, J., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2012). El copago sanitario y la desigualdad: ciencia y política. Gaceta Sanitaria, 26(1), 80–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.12.001.
Bacigalupe, A., Martín, U., Font, R., González-Rábago, Y., & Bergantiños, N. (2016). Austeridad y privatización sanitaria en época de crisis: ¿existen diferencias entre las comunidades autónomas? Gaceta Sanitaria, 30(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.10.003.
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2012). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata (3rd edn.). College Station: Stata Press Publication.
Verbeek, M. (2012). A guide to modern econometrics (4th edn.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Hernández-Quevedo, C., Rice, N., & Jones, A. M. (2008). Sesgo de respuesta y heterogeneidad en salud autopercibida. Evidencia del Panel de Hogares Británico. Cuadernos económicos de ICE 75, 64–98.
Herbig, B., Dragano, N., & Angerer, P. (2013). Health in the long-term unemployed. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 110(23–24), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0413.
Norström, F., Virtanen, P., Hammarström, A., Gustafsson, P. E., & Janlert, U. (2014). How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects. BMC public health, 14, 1310. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1310.
INE. (2017). Survey on Living Conditions. Retrieved April 5, 2017, from http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176807&menu=resultados&secc=1254736195153&idp=1254735976608.
Benach, J., & Muntaner, C. (2010). Empleo, trabajo y desigualdades en salud: una visión global (1. edn.). Barcelona: Icaria Editorial.
Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500.
Boarini, R., & Mira d’Ercole, M. (2006). Measures of Material Deprivation in OECD Countries (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 37). Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/measures-of-material-deprivation-in-oecd-countries_866767270205.
Pilkauskas, N. V., Currie, J., & Garfinkel, I. (2012). The great recession, public transfers, and material hardship. Social Service Review, 86(3), 401–427.
D’Ambrosio, C., Deutsch, J., & Silber, J. (2011). Multidimensional approaches to poverty measurement: An empirical analysis of poverty in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, based on the European panel. Applied Economics, 43(8), 951–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840802600129.
Devicienti, F., & Poggi, A. (2011). Poverty and social exclusion: Two sides of the same coin or dynamically interrelated processes? Applied Economics, 43(25), 3549–3571. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036841003670721.
Martínez López, R., & Navarro Ruiz, C. (2016). Pobreza y privación material tras la crisis. Revista española del tercer sector, 32, 107–139.
Subramanian, S., Blakely, T., & Kawachi, I. (2003). Income inequality as a public health concern: Where do we stand? commentary on “Is Exposure to Income Inequality a Public Health Concern?” Health Services Research, 38(1 Pt 1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.00110.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Social determinants of health the solid facts. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10047454.
Eurostat. (2016). Glossary:Material deprivation—Statistics Explained. Retrieved April 5, 2017 from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Severe_material_deprivation_rate.
Llorente, M. B., (2016). Paisajes después de la batalla. El mercado de trabajo en España tras la Gran Recesión. Revista española del tercer sector, 32, 17–45.
Ayllón, S., & Gábos, A. (2016). The interrelationships between the Europe 2020 poverty and social exclusion indicators. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1212-2.
Pham-Kanter, G. (2009). Social comparisons and health: Can having richer friends and neighbors make you sick? Social Science & Medicine, 69(3), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.017.
Neumayer, E. (2004). Recessions lower (some) mortality rates: Evidence from Germany. Social Science & Medicine, 58(6), 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00276-4.
Ruhm, C. J. (2007). A healthy economy can break your heart. Demography, 44(4), 829–848.
Haaland, V. F., & Telle, K. (2015). Pro-cyclical mortality across socioeconomic groups and health status. Journal of Health Economics, 39, 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.08.005.
Regidor, E., Vallejo, F., Granados, J. A. T., Viciana-Fernández, F. J., de la Fuente, L., & Barrio, G. (2016). Mortality decrease according to socioeconomic groups during the economic crisis in Spain: A cohort study of 36 million people. The Lancet, 388(10060), 2642–2652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30446-9.
Bradley, E. H., Elkins, B. R., Herrin, J., & Elbel, B. (2011). Health and social services expenditures: Associations with health outcomes. BMJ Quality & Safety, 20(10), 826–831. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2010.048363.
Castro-Vázquez, Á, Espinosa-Gutiérrez, I., Rodríguez-Contreras, P., & Santos-Iglesias, P. (2007). Relación entre el estado de salud percibido e indicadores de salud en la población española. Retrieved from http://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/32753.
Greene, W. H., Harris, M. N., & Hollingsworth, B. (2014). Inflated Responses in Measures of Self-Assessed Health (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2443781). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2443781.
Sen, A. (2002). Health: Perception versus observation. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 324(7342), 860–861.
Hanandita, W., & Tampubolon, G. (2016). Does reporting behaviour bias the measurement of social inequalities in self-rated health in Indonesia? An anchoring vignette analysis. Quality of Life Research, 25(5), 1137–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1152-y.
INE. (2013). Mujeres y hombres en España. Informe 2013. Catálogo de publicaciones de la Administración General del Estado. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/CPRdbL.
Cabasés Hita, J. M., & Fundación, B. B. V. A. (2010). La financiación del gasto sanitario en España: valoración del sistema de financiación, medida de la necesidad relativa y equidad. Bilbao: Fundación BBVA.
Fernandez, A., Garcia-Alonso, J., Royo-Pastor, C., Garrell-Corbera, I., Rengel-Chica, J., Agudo-Ugena, J., Mendive, J. M. (2015). Effects of the economic crisis and social support on health-related quality of life: First wave of a longitudinal study in Spain. British Journal of General Practice, 65(632), e198–e203. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp15X684025.
Karlsdotter, K., Martín Martín, J. J.,& del Amo González, L. (2012). Multilevel analysis of income, income inequalities and health in Spain. Social Science & Medicine, 74(7), 1099–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.020. M. P.
Karlsdotter, K., Martín, J. J., del Amo, L.P. (2013). El impacto del desempleo y de la precaridad laboral en la salud. Un análisis regional. Gaceta Sanitaria, 27(Espec Congr 1), 17.
Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper2 (Policy and Practice). Geneva: WHO Document Production Services. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44489/1/9789241500852_eng.pdf.
Bambra, C. (2010). Yesterday once more? Unemployment and health in the 21st century. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 64(3), 213–215. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.090621.
Acknowledgements
The authors want to thank Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (Spanish Society for Public Health and Health Care Administration, SESPAS) for distinguishing a preliminary version of this article with the Best Public Health Paper Award during the XXXVI Health Economics Conference (Murcia, Spain).
Funding
This work was supported by the Health Department of the Regional Andalusian Government (2013–2015) under Grant PI-0682-2012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there has been no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
In accordance with Spanish applicable regulations contained in Law 14/2007, of Biomedical Research, the current investigation does not constitute an experiment that is subject to this law, as there has been no intervention that could be classified as biomedical, therefore this work does not require the approval of an ethical committee by the University of Granada or by government of Spain. The authors have followed in this work the rules of good scientific practice and the ethical standards of the Quality of Life Research.
Informed consent
This work has been carried out with an anonymized and open access database elaborated by the National Statistics Institute of Spain.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fornell, B., Correa, M., López del Amo, M.P. et al. Influence of changes in the Spanish labor market during the economic crisis (2007–2011) on perceived health. Qual Life Res 27, 2095–2105 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1824-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1824-5