Abstract
In this study, an adsorbent based on layered double hydroxide (Co–Al–NO3]-LDH) was synthesized by the co-precipitation method at constant pH 8.0 ± 0.5. This new material was used for the removal of diclofenac from water. The X-ray diffraction pattern of [Co–Al–NO3]-LDH revealed a basal spacing of 0.859 nm. Equilibrium time was reached after 120 min for an initial concentration (C0) of diclofenac of 500 mg L−1, and the pseudo-second order model best fitted the kinetic data obtained at C0 values of 100, 250, and 500 mg L−1. The isotherms performed at 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C showed an increase in the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax = 494.9 mg g−1) up to 25 °C, but at temperatures above 25 ºC, the Qmax value was not increased. Equilibrium data were fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models, and the change in standard free energy of adsorption was estimated from the Langmuir constant, corrected for the equilibrium activity coefficient, while the changes in standard enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were calculated from the van’t Hoff equation. Adsorption studies as a function of nitrate concentration at two C0 values (50 and 500 mg L−1) showed that the increase in nitrate concentration led to a decrease in the Qmax of diclofenac, showing that nitrate competes with diclofenac for the adsorption sites. Theoretical studies were carried out using four different configurations of the diclofenac molecule approaching the surface of [Co–Al–NO3]-LDH. The interaction distance between diclofenac and [Co–Al–NO3]-LDH of 2.0 Å presented the lowest energy.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP grant number 23109.003209/2016-98), the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq grant number 443426/2014-7), the Minas Gerais State Research Funding Foundation (FAPEMIG grant numbers APQ-00847-14, PQ-02249-14, and APQ-03219-14), and the National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES, Finance Code 001) for funding this research. The authors thank Dr. Liliane C. Soares (UFOP) for providing the speciation curve for diclofenac.
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The Minas Gerais State Research Funding Foundation (FAPEMIG grant numbers APQ-03226–18, APQ-00847–14, APQ-02249–14, and APQ-03219–14), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq grant number 443426/2014–7), and the National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education (CAPES, Finance Code 001).
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Farlon F. S. Xavier, Ingrid da S. Pacheco, Fábio A. do Amaral, and Sheila C. Canobre: These authors were responsible for the synthesis and some characterizations of the material. Mateus A. Gonçalves and Teodorico de C. Ramalho: These authors were responsible for the theoretical calculations that helped to understand how adsorption occurs. Liz M. Saavedra and Carlos G. O. Bruziquesi: These authors were responsible for the kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic adsorption tests. Leandro V. A. Gurgel and Adilson C. Silva: These authors were responsible for modeling the kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption data, conference the entire text, and analysis of some characterizations.
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Bruziquesi, C.G.O., Xavier, F.F.S., da S. Pacheco, I. et al. Removal of Sodium Diclofenac from Aqueous Medium Using Layered Double Hydroxide: a Thermodynamic and Theoretical Approach. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 363 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05776-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05776-6