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Environmental photochemistry of fluoroquinolones in soil and in aqueous soil suspensions under solar light

  • Chemistry in a sustainable society
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Abstract

The photodegradation fate of widely used fluoroquinolone (FQ) drugs has been studied both at the water–soil interface and in soil at actual concentrations (500 ng g−1) under natural solar light. Both human and veterinary drugs have been examined, namely ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, marbofloxacin and moxifloxacin. After spiking and irradiation, samples were submitted to microwave-assisted extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (HPLC–FD). FQs degradation was faster in aqueous soil suspension than in neat soil (but lower than in “clean” water). A number of byproducts were identified by HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after a post-extraction cleanup based on a molecularly imprinted polymer phase, for a more accurate detection. The distribution in the suspension was intermediate between those observed in soils and in aqueous solutions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Alessandro Granata, Lab Analysis S.r.l. (Casanova Lonati, Pavia) for the HPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis and to Salvatore Amendola for the contributions he gave during his graduation thesis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Michela Sturini, Andrea Speltini, Federica Maraschi, Antonella Profumo, Elisa Fasani & Angelo Albini

  2. Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council (ISOF-CNR), via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    Luca Pretali

Authors
  1. Michela Sturini
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  2. Andrea Speltini
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  3. Federica Maraschi
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  4. Luca Pretali
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  5. Antonella Profumo
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  6. Elisa Fasani
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  7. Angelo Albini
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michela Sturini or Andrea Speltini.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Electronic supplementary material

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Online resource 1

Concentration of aqueous FQs determined by HPLC-FD in soil suspension samples as function of equilibration time (dark). (DOC 31 kb)

Online resource 2

MS/MS fragmentations for FQ photoproducts characterization in irradiated soil, glass-deposed FQ thin layer film and aqueous soil suspension. (DOC 262 kb)

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Sturini, M., Speltini, A., Maraschi, F. et al. Environmental photochemistry of fluoroquinolones in soil and in aqueous soil suspensions under solar light. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 13215–13221 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2124-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2124-9

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