Abstract
We determined the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in surface sediments at 21 sites inside and outside Muroran Port, Japan. The concentration ranges and geometric means of PCBs (Σ209PCB), PeCBz, HxCBz, and PCDD/Fs and toxicity equivalence quantity (total TEQ) of dioxins inside Muroran Port were 1,100–65,000 (mean, 17,000) pg/g dw, 37–220 (100) pg/g dw, 31–810 (84) pg/g dw, 69–410 (170) pg/g dw, and 0.51–6.2 (2.3) pg TEQ/g dw, respectively. Their corresponding inventories inside Muroran Port were estimated to be 76, 0.31, 0.32, 0.55, and 7.8 g TEQ, respectively. The amounts of these pollutants were higher inside the port than outside the port and especially large in the inner part of the port. Most PCBs were homologues and congeners of penta- to hepta-chlorinated compounds, and the PCBs around Muroran Port were derived from technical PCBs, especially KC500 and KC600. As for PCDD/Fs, the influence of pentachlorophenol was significant, although pollution due to chloronitrofen and combustion was detected. The congeners of PCDD/Fs predominantly contributed to total TEQ. The concentration distributions of PeCBz, HxCBz, and PCDD/Fs and total TEQ were highly correlated with one another. This indicates that they are derived from the same combustion process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anezaki K, Nakano T (2014) Concentration levels and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene in commercial pigment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:998–1009
Bailey RE (2001) Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere 43:167–182
Bailey RE, van Wijk D, Thomas PC (2009) Sources and prevalence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment. Chemosphere 75:555–564
Barakat AO, Khairy M, Aukaily I (2013a) Persistent organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in surface sediments of Lake Qarun, a protected area of Egypt. Chemosphere 90:2467–2476
Barakat AO, Mostafa A, Wade TL, Sweet ST, El-Sayed NB (2013b) Distribution and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt. Chemosphere 93:545–554
Barhoumi B, LeMenach K, Dévier MH, El megdiche Y, Hammami B, Ameur WB, Hassine SB, Cachot J, Budzinski H, Driss MR (2013) Distribution and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments from the Bizerte lagoon, Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res in press. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1709-7
Basu I, Arnold KA, Venier M, Hites RA (2009) Partial pressures of PCB-11 in air from several Great Lakes sites. Environ Sci Technol 43:6488–6492
Breivik K, Sweetman A, Pacyna JM, Jones KC (2002) Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners—a mass balance approach: 1. Global production and consumption. Sci Total Environ 290:181–198
Burgess RM, McKinney RA, Brown WA (1996) Enrichment of marine sediment colloids with polychlorinated biphenyls: trends resulting from PCB solubility and chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 30:2556–2566
Chen SJ, Luo XJ, Mai BX, Sheng GY, Fu JM, Zeng EY (2006) Distribution and mass inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Pearl River estuary and the northern south China Sea. Environ Sci Technol 40:709–714
Courtney KD (1979) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB): a review. Environ Res 20:225–266
Eljarrat E, Caixach J, Rivera J (2001) Toxic potency assessment of non- and mono-ortho PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PAHs in northwest Mediterranean sediments (Catalonia, Spain). Environ Sci Technol 35:3589–3594
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2005) Opinion of the scientific panel contaminants in the food chain on a request from the Commission related to the presence of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. Question N EFSA-Q-2003-114. EFSA J 284:1–137
Gabos S, Ikonomou MG, Schopflocher D, Fowler BR, White J, Prepas E, Prince D, Chen W (2001) Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs in sediment following forest fires in northern Alberta. Chemosphere 43:709–719
Gao S, Chen J, Shen Z, Liu H, Chen Y (2013) Seasonal and spatial distributions and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of Yangtze Estuary, China. Chemosphere 91:809–816
Gedik K, Demircioğlu F, İmamoğlu İ (2010) Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PCBs in sediments around İzmit industrial complexes, Turkey. Chemosphere 81:992–999
Honda T, Wada M, Nakashima K (2008) Concentration and characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments of sea and river in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan. J Health Sci 54:400–408
Hong Q, Wang Y, Luo X, Chen S, Chen J, Cai M, Cai M, Mai B (2012) Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin. Chemosphere 88:1340–1345
Hong SH, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Oh JR (2005) Congener-specific survey for polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of industrialized bays in Korea: regional characteristics and pollution sources. Environ Sci Technol 39:7380–7388
Hu D, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC (2008) Discovery of non-Aroclor PCB (3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl) in Chicago air. Environ Sci Technol 42:7873–7877
Hu D, Hornbuckle KC (2010) Inadvertent polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial paint pigments. Environ Sci Technol 44:2822–2827
Hu J, Wan Y, Shao B, Jin X, An W, Jin F, Yang M, Wang X, Sugisaki M (2005) Occurrence of trace organic contaminants in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Nanpaiwu River, North China. Mar Chem 95:1–13
Im SH, Kannan K, Matsuda M, Giesy JP, Wakimoto T (2002) Sources and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from Masan Bay, Korea. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:245–252
Ishikawa Y, Noma Y, Yamamoto T, Mori Y, Sakai S (2007) PCB decomposition and formation in thermal treatment plant equipment. Chemosphere 67:1383–1393
Kalmaz EV, Kalmaz GD (1979) Transport, distribution and toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in ecosystems: Review. Ecol Model 6:223–251
Kanai Y, Yamamuro M, Inouchi Y, Tokuoka T (2002) Sedimentation rate and environment of Lake Nakaumi, Shimane and Tottori Prefecture. Chikyukagaku 36:161–178 (in Japanese)
Karademir A, Ergül HA, Telli B, Kılavuz SA, Terzi M (2013) Evaluation of PCDD/F pollution in surface sediments of Izmit Bay. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:6611–6619
Kim KS, Hirai Y, Kato M, Urano K, Masynaga S (2004) Detailed PCB congener patterns in incinerator flue gas and commercial PCB formulations (Kanechlor). Chemosphere 55:539–553
Kono K, Tanaka H, Koyama J (2010) Dioxin transfer from sediment to the infaunal surface deposit-feeding polychaete Perinereis nuntia in a laboratory-rearing experiment. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1512–1519
Korhonen M, Salo S, Kankaanpää H, Kiviranta H, Ruokojärvi P, Verta M (2013) Sedimentation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 93:1541–1547
Kronimus A, Schwarzbauer J, Dsikowitzky L, Geim S, Littke R (2004) Anthropogenic organic contaminants in sediments of the Lippe river, Germany. Water Res 38:3473–3484
Lacorte S, Raldúa D, Martínez E, Navarro A, Diez S, Bayona JM, Barceló D (2006) Pilot survey of a broad range of priority pollutants in sediment and fish from the Ebro river basin (NE Spain). Environ Pollut 140:471–482
Lee CL, Song HJ, Fang MD (2000) Concentrations of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorobutadiene and heavy metals in surficial sediments of Kaohsiung coast, Taiwan. Chemosphere 41:889–899
Li Y, Geng D, Liu F, Wang T, Wang P, Zhang Q, Jiang G (2012) Study of PCBs and PBDEs in King George Island, Antarctica, using PUF passive air sampling. Atmos Environ 51:140–145
Litten S, Fowler B, Luszniak D (2002) Identification of a novel PCB source through analysis of 209 PCB congeners by US EPA modified method 1668. Chemosphere 46:1457–1459
Maruyama K, Sahrul M, Tanabe S, Tatsukawa R (1983) Polychlorinated biphenyl pollution from shipbuilding in Nagasaki Bay, Japan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7:514–520
Masunaga S, Takasuga T, Nakanishi J (2001) Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB impurities in some Japanese agrochemical formulations. Chemosphere 44:873–885
Matsumoto E, Yokota S (1978) Accumulation rate and heavy metal pollution in Osaka Bay sediment. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 34:108–115 (in Japanese)
Matsumura C, Tsurukawa M, Nakano T, Ezaki T, Ohashi M (2002) Elution orders of all 209 PCBs congeners on capillary column “HT8-PCB”. J Environ Chem 12:855–865 (in Japanese)
Ministry of the Environment (2011) Report on environmental survey and monitoring of chemicals, FY2010, Tokyo. http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/kurohon/en/http2011e/index.html. 12.01.2013
Ministry of the Environment (2012) Environmental survey of dioxins, FY 2000 results. Ministry of the Environment, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Nizzetto L, Macleod M, Borgå K, Cabrerizo A, Dachs J, Di Guardo A, Ghirardello D, Hansen KM, Jarvis A, Lindroth A, Ludwig B, Monteith D, Perlinger JA, Scheringer M, Schwendenmann L, Semple KT, Wick LY, Zhang G, Jones KC (2010) Past, present, and future controls on levels of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment. Environ Sci Technol 44:6526–6531
Okumura Y, Yamashita Y, Kohno Y, Nagasaka H (2004) Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and CO-PCBs in a sediment core collected in Sendai Bay, Japan. Water Res 38:3511–3522
Ryan JJ, Conacher HBS, Panopio LG, Lau BPY, Hardy JA (1991) Gas chromatographic separations of all 136 tetra- to octapolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans on nine different stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 541:131–183
Rodenburg LA, Guo J, Du S, Cavallo GJ (2010) Evidence for unique and ubiquitous environmental sources of 3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11). Environ Sci Technol 44:2816–2821
Romano S, Piazza R, Mugnai C, Giuliani S, Bellucci LG, Huu CN, Vecchiato M, Zambon S, Hoai ND, Frignani M (2013) PBDEs and PCBs in sediments of the Thi Nai Lagoon (Central Vietnam) and soils from its mainland. Chemosphere 90:2396–2402
Saijyo Y, Terai H, Nagano M, Ayukawa K, Yagi A, Umemura M, Kato Y, Kawase M, Sasaki K, Matsukawa Y (2008) Degradation of seawater and sediment quality and benthic fauna composition caused by construction of the Chubu International Airport Island in Ise Bay, Japan. Oceanogr Jpn 17:281–295 (in Japanese)
Sakai S, Hiraoka M, Takeda M, Shiozaki K (1993) Coplanar PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in municipal waste incineration. Chemosphere 27:233–240
Sakurai T, Kim JG, Suzuki N, Matsuo T, Li DQ, Yao Y, Masunaga S, Nakanishi J (2000) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediment, soil, fish, shellfish and crab samples from Tokyo Bay area, Japan. Chemosphere 40:627–640
Salvadó JA, Grimalt JO, López JF, Durrieu de Madron X, Pasqual C, Canals M (2013) Distribution of organochlorine compounds in superficial sediments from the Gulf of Lion, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Prog Oceanogr 118:235–248
Sapozhnikova Y, Bawardi O, Schlenk D (2004) Pesticides and PCBs in sediments and fish from the Salton Sea, California, USA. Chemosphere 55:797–809
Savinov VN, Savinova TN, Matishov GG, Dahle S, Næs K (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs) in bottom sediments of the Guba Pechenga, Barents Sea, Russia. Sci Total Environ 306:39–56
Seike N, Kashiwagi N, Otani T (2007) PCDD/F contamination over time in Japanese paddy soils. Environ Sci Technol 41:2210–2215
Stockholm Convention (2001) The conference of plenipotentiaries on the adoption and signing of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Stockholm
Stockholm Convention (2009) The nine new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NewPOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/672/Default.aspx (accessed 12.01.2013)
Suzuki T, Yamaguchi A, Ibaraki T, Ohno K, Murayama H, Shibuya N, Hashimoto S, Kashiwagi N (2006) Study on the estimation of source contribution to PCDD/Fs using chemical mass balance method based on functional relationship analysis. J Environ Chem 16:437–448 (in Japanese)
Szlinder-Richert J, Usydus Z, Drgas A (2012) Persistent organic pollutants in sediment from the southern Baltic: risk assessment. J Environ Monit 14:2100–2107
Takasuga T, Senthilkumar K, Matsumura T, Shiozaki K, Sakai S (2006) Isotope dilution analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil and global commercial PCB formulations by high resolution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 62:469–484
Wang JZ, Liu LY, Zhang K, Liang B, Li GL, Chen TH (2012) Halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment from a highly eutrophicated lake, China: occurrence, distribution and mass inventories. Chemosphere 89:1003–1008
Weber R, Gaus C, Tysklind M, Johnston P, Forter M, Hollert H, Heinisch E, Holoubek I, Lloyd-Smith M, Masunaga S, Moccarelli P, Santillo D, Seike N, Symons R, Torres JPM, Verta M, Varbelow G, Vijgen J, Watson A, Costner P, Woelz J, Wycisk P, Zennegg M (2008) Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15:363–393
Wetzel MA, Wahrendorf DS, von der Ohe PC (2013) Sediment pollution in the Elbe estuary and its potential toxicity at different trophic levels. Sci Total Environ 449:199–207
Yokose H, Momoshima N, Matsuoka K, Hase Y, Honza E (2005) Environmental assessments of Ariake Bay during the past 100 years based on marine sediments. J Geogr 114:1–20 (in Japanese)
Zhao L, Hou H, Zhou YY, Xue ND, Li HY, Li FS (2010) Distribution and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surficial sediments from Haihe River and Haihe Estuary area, China. Chemosphere 78:1285–1293
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24710016. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Leif Kronberg
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anezaki, K., Nagahora, S. Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in surface sediments of Muroran Port, Japan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 9169–9181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2824-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2824-9