Abstract
It has been shown previously that, under acidic conditions, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) degrade in the presence of iron/copper bimetal particles; the reactions can be modeled by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This study investigates the reaction mechanisms of the degradation processes under different conditions. Batch studies were conducted using laboratory-prepared solutions and an industrial insensitive munition-laden (IMX) wastewater. The influence of parameters such as initial pH of the solution, copper/iron (Fe-Cu) contact, and solid/liquid ratio were systematically investigated to assess their impact on the reaction kinetics. These parameters were subsequently incorporated into pseudo-first-order decomposition models for NTO and DNAN. The activation energies for the degradation reactions were 27.40 and 30.57 kJ mol−1, respectively. Degradation intermediates and products were identified. A nitro-to-amino pathway, which ultimately may lead to partial mineralization, is postulated. The amino intermediate, aminonitroanisole, was detected during DNAN degradation, but for NTO, aminotiazolone is suggested. Additionally, urea was identified as a degradation product of NTO.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the US Army TACOM/ARDEC (Picatinny, Arsenal, NJ) for the provision of NTO, DNAN powder, and IMX wastewater used in this study and the Center for Mass Spectrometry at Stevens Institute of Technology for the use of their instruments for sample analysis.
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Kitcher, E., Braida, W., Koutsospyros, A. et al. Characteristics and products of the reductive degradation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in a Fe-Cu bimetal system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 2744–2753 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8053-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8053-7