Abstract
The shrinkage of cement-based materials is a critical dimensional property that needs proper attention as it can influence the corresponding characteristics especially when the preparation of such cement-based material is done in hot weather. Studies have shown that the casting or curing conditions influence the performance of concrete. However, there is limited understanding of the combined role of casting temperature and curing conditions, especially for concrete made with unconventional binders. In this study, five supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were utilized as the substitute of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at different ratios to produce greener concrete and improve its characteristics and sustainability. The influence of four casting temperatures (i.e., 25 °C, 32 °C, 38 °C, and 45 °C) and two curing regimes (i.e., covering of samples using wet burlap and applying curing compound on the surface of samples) on the corresponding compressive strength and drying shrinkage at various ages was studied. The outcomes of this research revealed that the composition of the binders has a substantial impact on the characteristics of concrete. In addition, the casting temperature and curing regimes also have a huge role on the compressive strength of concrete produced with binary binders. For example, the compressive strength at 3 days of concrete made at 25 °C made with binary binders was reduced up to 31% compared to that made with only OPC as the binder when cured using wet burlap. Nonetheless, less than 38 ℃ was suitable to minimize the durability issues in the studied blended cement mixes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Change history
14 June 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21444-y
References
ACI Committee 305 (2000) ACI 305R-99 hot weather concreting reported by ACI Committee 305. J Am Concr Inst
Adesina A (2020) Recent advances in the concrete industry to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. Environ Challenges 1:100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2020.100004
Al-Amoudi OSB, Maslehuddin M, Shameem M, Ibrahim M (2007) Shrinkage of plain and silica fume cement concrete under hot weather. Cem Concr Compos 29:690–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.05.006
Aprianti E, Shafigh P, Bahri S, Farahani JN (2015) Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes - a review. Constr Build Mater 74:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.010
AS1012-2014 (2014) Methods of testing concrete method. Stand AustInt Ltd, Sydney
AS 1379 (2014) Specification and supply of concrete Standards Australia
ASTM C 150 (2019) Standard specification for Portland cement. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken
ASTM C 157 (2005) Standard test method for length change of hardened hydraulic cement mortar and concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken
ASTM C192–18 (2018) Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
ASTM C309–19 (2019) Standard specification for liquid membrane-forming compounds for curing concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
Bakharev T, Sanjayan JG, Cheng YB (1999) Effect of elevated temperature curing on properties of alkali-activated slag concrete. Cem Concr Res 29:1619–1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00143-X
Baluch MH, Rahman MK, Al-Gadhib AH (2002) Risks of cracking and delamination in patch repair. J Mater Civ Eng 14:294–302
Brooks JJ, Neville A (1992) Creep and shrinkage of concrete as affected by admixtures and cement replacement materials. In: American Concrete Institute, ACI Special Publication
Brue FNG, Davy CA, Burlion N et al (2017) Five year drying of high performance concretes: effect of temperature and cement-type on shrinkage. Cem Concr Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.04.017
BS 1881–120 (1983) Part 120: compressive strength of concrete cubes (Superseded)
Gartner E, Hirao H (2015) A review of alternative approaches to the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the manufacture of the binder phase in concrete. Cem Concr Res 78:126–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.012
Haido JH, Zainalabdeen MA, & Tayeh BA (2021) Experimental and numerical studies on flexural behavior of high strength concrete beams containing waste glass. Advances in Concrete Construction, 11(3), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.12989/ACC.2021.11.3.239
Hajibabaee A, Khanzadeh M, Ley MT (2018) Comparison of curing compounds to reduce volume change from differential drying in concrete pavement. Int J Pavement Eng 19:815–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1210442
Hossain MM, Karim MR, Hasan M et al (2016) Durability of mortar and concrete made up of pozzolans as a partial replacement of cement: a review. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.147
Idir R, Cyr M, Tagnit-Hamou A (2011) Pozzolanic properties of fine and coarse color-mixed glass cullet. Cem Concr Compos 33(1):19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.013
Ishee C, Surana S (2019) Hot weather concreting. In: Developments in the formulation and reinforcement of concrete
Jalal M, Fathi M, Farzad M (2013) Effects of fly ash and TiO2 nanoparticles on rheological, mechanical, microstructural and thermal properties of high strength self compacting concrete. Mech Mater 61:11–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2013.01.010
Jianyong L, Yan Y (2001) A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete. Cem Concr Res 31:1203–1206
Kattoof Harith I, Hassan MS, Hasan SS (2022) Liquid nitrogen effect on the fresh concrete properties in hot weathering concrete. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00731-6
Khan K, Amin MN, Saleem MU et al (2019) Effect of fineness of basaltic volcanic ash on pozzolanic reactivity ASR expansion and drying shrinkage of blended cement mortars. Materials (basel) 12(16):2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162603
Khan MU, Ahmad S, Al-Gahtani HJ (2017) Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete: an overview on chloride diffusion and prediction of corrosion initiation time. Int J Corros 1–9
Li J, Yao Y (2001) A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete. Ceme Concr Res 31(8):1203–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00539-7
Liu J, Shi C, Ma X et al (2017) An overview on the effect of internal curing on shrinkage of high performance cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.154
Lyu X, Yao G, Wang Z, Wang Q, Li Lin (2020) Hydration kinetics and properties of cement blended with mechanically activated gold mine tailings. Thermochim Acta 683:178457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.178457
McCarthy MJ, Dhir RK (2005) Development of high volume fly ash cements for use in concrete construction. In: Fuel. pp 1423–1432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.08.029
McLellan BC, Williams RP, Lay J et al (2011) Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary Portland cement. J Clean Prod 19:1080–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010
Meyer C (2009) The greening of the concrete industry. Cem Concr Compos 31:601–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.010
Mirzahosseini M, Riding KA (2014) Effect of curing temperature and glass type on the pozzolanic reactivity of glass powder. Cem Concr Res 58:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.01.015
Nasir M, Al-amoudi OSB, Al-gahtani HJ, Maslehuddin M (2016) Effect of casting temperature on strength and density of plain and blended cement concretes prepared and cured under hot weather conditions. Constr Build Mater 112:529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.211
Nasir M, Al-Kutti W, Kayed TS et al (2021) Synthesis and SWOT analysis of date palm frond ash–Portland cement composites. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13957-9
Nasir M, Baghabra Al-Amoudi OS, Maslehuddin M (2017) Effect of placement temperature and curing method on plastic shrinkage of plain and pozzolanic cement concretes under hot weather. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.068
Nasir M, Gazder U, Maslehuddin M et al (2020) Prediction of properties of concrete cured under hot weather using multivariate regression and ANN Models. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04403-y
Nath P, Sarker PK (2014) Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition. Constr Build Mater 66:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
Qaidi S MA, Dinkha YZ, Haido JH, Ali MH, Tayeh BA (2021) Engineering properties of sustainable green concrete incorporating eco-friendly aggregate of crumb rubber: A review. J Cleaner Prod 324:129251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129251
Shayan A, Xu A (2006) Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: A field trial on concrete slabs. Cem Concr Res 36(3):457–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.012
Shariq M, Prasad J, Abbas H (2016) Creep and drying shrinkage of concrete containing GGBFS. Cem Concr Compos 68:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.004
Tran NP, Gunasekara C, Law DW et al (2021a) A critical review on drying shrinkage mitigation strategies in cement-based materials. J Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102210
Tran NP, Gunasekara C, Law DW et al (2021b) A critical review on drying shrinkage mitigation strategies in cement-based materials. J Build Eng 38:102210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102210
Umar Khan M, Nasir M, Baghabra Al-Amoudi OS, Maslehuddin M (2021) Influence of in-situ casting temperature and curing regime on the properties of blended cement concretes under hot climatic conditions. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121865
Weng JR, Liao WC (2021) Microstructure and shrinkage behavior of high-performance concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125045
Weather data of Dhahran City [Courtesy: en.climate-data.org]
Wu M, Zhang Y, Jia Y et al (2020) Study on the role of activators to the autogenous and drying shrinkage of lime-based low carbon cementitious materials. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120522
Wyrzykowski M, Assmann A, Hesse C, Lura P (2020) Microstructure development and autogenous shrinkage of mortars with C-S-H seeding and internal curing. Cem Concr Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105967
Yang J, Hu H, He X, et al (2021) Effect of steam curing on compressive strength and microstructure of high volume ultrafine fly ash cement mortar. Constr Build Mater 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120894
Yang J, Wang Q, Zhou Y (2017) Influence of curing time on the drying shrinkage of concretes with different binders and water-to-binder ratios. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2695435
Yang YZ, Li MG, Deng HW, Liu Q (2014) Effects of temperature on drying shrinkage of concrete. In: Applied mechanics and materials
Yoo D, Kim S, Kim M (2018a) Comparative shrinkage behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber- reinforced concrete under ambient and heat curing conditions. Constr Build Mater 162:406–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.029
Yoo DY, Kim S, Kim MJ (2018b) Comparative shrinkage behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete under ambient and heat curing conditions. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.029
Zhang L, Qian X, Lai J et al (2020) Effect of different wind speeds and sealed curing time on early-age shrinkage of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119366
Wang G, Ma Y (2018) Drying shrinkage of alkali-activated fly ash/slag blended system. J Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 7(4):203–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.1471424
Zhang J, Gao Y, Wang Z (2013) Evaluation of shrinkage induced cracking performance of low shrinkage engineered cementitious composite by ring tests. Compos Part B Eng 52:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.012
Funding
The authors are indebted to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia for their support under the grant RG1101-1,2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MN: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing original draft; AA: validation, writing, reviewing and editing; MI: methodology, data curation, resources, visualization, reviewing and editing; MK: validation, writing, reviewing and editing; OA: visualization and validation, reviewing and editing; SA: visualization and validation, reviewing and editing; MM: visualization and validation, reviewing and editing; KA: visualization and validation, reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nasir, M., Adesina, A., Ibrahim, M. et al. Role of casting and curing conditions on the strength and drying shrinkage of greener concrete. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 72598–72610 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20924-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20924-5